Zvinangwa zvekusimudzira zveUzbekistan zvinoda kutevedzwa nemisimboti yemutemo wevashandi

Chinangwa cheunyanzvi cheUzbekistan ndechekuvaka nyika yakagadziridzwa, uye algorithm yezvese zviito uye shanduko yakatarisana neizvi. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti zvakajairwa kunyika dzakabudirira kuti vanhu vane mararamiro epamusoro, zvivakwa zvetekinoroji, uye hupfumi hwakasimukira. Zvinoenderana nechikamu cheInternational Monetary Fund, Uzbekistan ndeyeboka renyika dzichiri kusimukira. Shanduko kubva kuNyika ichiri kusimukira kuenda kune runyorwa rwenyika dzakabudirira kunoda kuzadzikiswa kwakati wandei mundima yehupfumi, kugara zvakanaka kwevanhu, kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko., akanyora Shukhratjon Ismoilov, Mukuru weDhipatimendi reMutemo weVashandi, Tashkent State Law University, Chiremba weMutemo.

Nekuda kwekuchinja kwesimba rezvematongerwo enyika kwakaitika muUzbekistan muna 2016, pamwe chete nechido chakasimba chezvematongerwo enyika chekugadzirisa, zvinyorwa zvakawanda zvakakosha zvakagamuchirwa munyika. Kunyanya, semuenzaniso weizvi, tinogona kutaura iyo Action Strategy yenzvimbo shanu dzekutanga dzebudiriro yeRepublic yeUzbekistan ye2017-2021, Iyo Development Strategy yeNew Uzbekistan ye2022-2026, ine nzvimbo nomwe dzekutanga, Iyo Strategy "Uzbekistan - 2030", ine nzvimbo shanu dzinokosha. Pamusoro pezvo, kugamuchirwa kweshanduro itsva yeBumbiro reRepublic of Uzbekistan pareferendamu yakaitwa muna Kubvumbi 30, 2023, kwakashanda kusimbisa hwaro hwebumbiro rezvakasikwa. Zvekare pazuva rimwe chetero, kechipiri munhoroondo yeUzbekistan yakazvimirira, Mutemo mutsva weLabour Code wakatanga kushanda.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chimwe chehunhu hweshanduro itsva yeBumbiro reMitemo ndechekuti muChinyorwa 1 cheBumbiro reMitemo Uzbekistan yakasarudzwa senyika yemagariro. Mamiriro ehutano hwemagariro evanhu akavakirwa pamitemo yehutano hwevanhu, nepo kodzero dzevashandi dzinoonekwa sechinhu chinonyanya kukosha chemutemo uyu. Kuziviswa kwekuvakwa kwenharaunda yemagariro kwakapfumisa Bumbiro reRepublic yeUzbekistan nezvinyorwa zvitsva, zvinosanganisirazve akati wandei kodzero dzine chekuita nekodzero yekushanda uye kushandiswa kwebasa rebasa. Izvi zvinosanganisira kodzero yebasa rakanaka, kodzero yekusarudza zvakasununguka basa uye rudzi rwechiito, kodzero yekushanda munzvimbo dzekushanda dzinosangana nezvinodiwa zvekuchengeteka uye utsanana, mubairo wakanaka pasina rusaruro pabasa uye kwete pasi peiyo yakadzikwa. muripo, kodzero yekudzivirirwa kubva mukushaikwa kwemabasa maererano nemaitiro akaiswa nemutemo (chisungo 42), kodzero yekudzidziswa mabasa emaoko nekudzidziswazve (chisungo 43), kurambidzwa kushanda nesimba, kurambidzwa kwemhando ipi zvayo yekushandiswa kwevana (chisungo 44). ), kodzero yekuzorora, kodzero yemaawa mashoma ekushanda (chinyorwa 45).

Zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti maonero ekodzero dzekodzero uye mabasa emushandi semitemo yemutemo webasa akapararira zvakanyanya mumakore makumi matatu ezana remakore rechiXNUMX. Pasinei nokuti makore anoda kusvika zana apfuura, maonero aya haasati arasikirwa nekukosha kwawo kumutemo wemazuva ano webasa. Naizvozvo, zvakakodzera kucherechedza zvakasiyana gadziridzo dzakaitwa kuBumbiro reRepublic of Uzbekistan mune imwe edition itsva ine chekuita nekodzero yekushanda. Chokutanga pane zvose, zvinofanira kuonekwa kuti kodzero yekushanda yakatsiviwa ne "kodzero yebasa rakanaka". Sechikamu chekuvandudzwa kwebumbiro remitemo, kodzero yevagari vemo yekushanda yakawana chimiro chitsva uye yakawedzerwa neshoko rokuti "akakodzera". Iye zvino, "basa rakanaka" rinoreva mabasa ane mubairo wakanaka, mamiriro ekushanda akakwana uye kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu kwakavimbika. Somuenzaniso, panyaya iyi, Shukhrat Ganiev, mumwe murwiri wekodzero dzevanhu akazvimirira anga achitevera chirongwa chekukohwa donje kwemakore anoverengeka neInternational Labor Organization, anoti: “Tinofanira kuisa pfungwa dzedu pakuumba mabasa akanaka. MuUzbekistan, vanhu vanoda basa rine mihoro yakanaka uye nemamiriro ekushanda akanaka ”. Zvakakodzera kuziva kuti Uzbekistan ine kodzero yekushanda zvakanaka, ndiko kuti, basa rinoenderana nehunyanzvi, hunyanzvi uye hunyanzvi, pamwe nebasa rinobhadharwa zvinoenderana nehuwandu uye kunaka kwevashandi, basa rine mamiriro akanaka ekushanda.

Chitsva chinotevera chaive chekuchinja kusarudzwa kwebasa remahara kune "sarudzo yemahara yehunyanzvi uye rudzi rwebasa". Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa pano kuti kodzero yekusarudza basa ndiko kuzadziswa kwekodzero yekushanda chete nekupedzisa chibvumirano chebasa. Kune rumwe rutivi, kodzero yekushanda inogonawo kuwanikwa mumhando dzakadai sekuita basa rebhizimisi, kupedzisa zvibvumirano zvemitemo yehurumende yekushanda kwemabasa uye kugoverwa kwemabasa, kupinda mubasa rehurumende, kuzvishandira. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chine chekuita nekodzero yekushanda munzvimbo dzakachena dzekushanda, zvakanyorwa muchikamu chechimakumi matatu nenomwe cheBumbiro reMitemo reRepublic of Uzbekistan, iro rave kusashanda. Zvichienderana nenyaya yekuti kodzero iyi ipfungwa yakajairika, tsananguro dzakaitwa kune chinyorwa 37 cheBumbiro reRepublic yeUzbekistan mune imwe vhezheni.

Zvakare, shanduro itsva yeBumbiro reMitemo yakagadza muitiro wakasiyana unorambidza chero rudzi rwekushandiswa kwevana. Tinogona kutaura kuti tsika iyi yaimiririra chido chezvematongerwo enyika chakasimba munyika medu kuona kuti kushandiswa kwevana hakuchatenderwi. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti kubvira Kubvumbi 30, 2023, kodhi nyowani yebasa yakatanga kushanda muUzbekistan. Mukodhi iyi tinoona shanduko itsva mumutemo wepamutemo wehukama hwebasa. Chimwe chazvo ndechekuti chinyorwa chetatu cheLabour Code chinonyora kekutanga misimboti yekudzora hukama hwevashandi. Vaisanganisira:

1) kuenzana kwekodzero dzevashandi, kurambidzwa kwerusarura munharaunda yebasa uye basa; 2) rusununguko rwekushanda uye kurambidzwa kwebasa rekumanikidzirwa; 3) kushamwaridzana munharaunda yebasa; 4) vimbiso yekodzero dzevashandi uye kushanda kwebasa rebasa; 5) kusabvumirwa kwekuora kwechimiro chepamutemo chemushandi.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti misimboti yataurwa pamusoro inoenderana nekodzero dzakakoshera nemisimboti mundima yebasa yakapihwa muChiziviso cheILO chakagamuchirwa musi wa18 Chikumi 1998. Kunyanya, Chiziviso ichi chine kodzero dzinotevera nemisimboti munda webasa: a) kucherechedzwa kwerusununguko rwekubatana uye kucherechedzwa kwekodzero yekutaurirana pamwe chete; b) kurambidzwa kwemhando dzose dzebasa rekumanikidza; c) kurambidzwa kushandiswa kwevana; d) kusarura munzvimbo yebasa uye basa.

Idzi kodzero dzakakosha nemisimboti inoratidzwa muzvibvumirano zvisere zvikuru zveILO (№8, 29, 87, 105, 98, 100, 111, 138), ese akatenderwa neUzbekistan. Zvakakoshawo kuziva kuti kodzero dzakakosha nemisimboti muDeclaration dzaisava kodzero dzevashandi chete, asiwo kodzero nemisimboti yebumbiro remitemo.

Maererano nevatsvakurudzi M.Rakhimov, N.Kuryanov, basa rekumanikidzirwa muUzbekistan rakapararira mumhando dzekucheka kwekotoni uye mamwe mabasa ekurima, kuchenesa uye kugadzira nzvimbo, kugadzirisa basa panzvimbo dzebasa nedzimwe nzvimbo, kuvaka, kutandara uye kubatanidzwa mubasa pazororo. Maererano nedata, kumanikidzwa kushanda mukurima donje muUzbekistan kwakadzikira kubva pa14% muna 2015 kusvika 1% panosvika 2021. Uzbekistan ndiyo yechitanhatu mugadziri mukuru wedonje pasi rose. Pasi pehutungamiriri hweMutungamiri Sh. Mirziyoyev, kuvandudzwa kweiyo yaimbova modhi yehupfumi hwenyika yakatanga uye kumanikidzwa kushanda uye kushandiswa kwevana, kwaimboshandiswa mukukohwa donje, zvakasiiwa. Sekureva kwaDirector General weILO G. Maererano naRyder, Uzbekistan yakamisa kushandiswa kwakarongeka kwekumanikidzirwa uye kushandiswa kwevana mukurima donje, izvo zvichabvumira nyika kuti itore nzvimbo yepamusoro mukugadzira uye kugovera, pamwe chete. kugadzira mamirioni emabasa echigarire ane hunhu muchikamu chemachira nezvipfeko.

Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti kekutanga boycott yeUzbek cotton yakaziviswa muna 2009. Kubva ipapo, 331 brand uye zvipfeko makambani, kusanganisira akadai Adidas, Zara, C & A, Gap Inc., H & M, Levi Strauss & Co., Tesco. uye Wal mart, vazivisa kuramba kweUzbek donje. Muna 2021, zvichibva pane zvakabuda muongororo yakazvimirira yegoho redonje rakaitwa neUzbek Forum for Human Rights, The Cotton Campaign coalition yakanzura kuramwa donje reUzbek. Musi waKubvumbi 9, 2021, Uzbekistan yakagamuchira chinzvimbo chemubatsiri weCommon System of Ropafadzo "GSP+" yeEuropean Union. Sarudzo iyi yakaitwa muna 2021 nekuda kwekuti vana nekumanikidzwa kushanda mugoho redonje zvaisatenderwa munyika. Muna Chivabvu 2022, International Labor Organisation neWorld Bank vakapedza chirongwa chekutarisa yakazvimirira kukohwewa kwedonje, uye nechikumbiro cheHurumende yeUzbekistan, Union of Workers and Employers, chirongwa chitsva che "Basa Rinani" chakatangwa nyika. MuTashkent, memorandamu yekunzwisisa yakasainwa pakuvhurwa kwechirongwa ichi, pamwe nematanho ekubatana mukusimudzira kwakasimba kwe2023-2024 pakati peBetter Cotton neNational Commission yeKurwisa Kutengeswa Kwevanhu uye Kumanikidzwa Basa. Kutaurwa kwakakosha kwezvakabudirira izvi kwakaitwa neMutungamiriri weRepublic yeUzbekistan pakutaura kwake pamusangano wechimakumi manomwe nesere weUN General Assembly.

Chirongwa che "Basa Rakanaka", chakatangwa muUzbekistan, chinobvumira makambani emuno kuti atange kudyidzana nemhando dzepasi rose. Semuenzaniso, munaKurume 25, 2023, kambani ine mukurumbira pasi rose yeDisney yakaburitsa runyorwa rwenyika dzevatengesi, iyo yaisanganisirawo Uzbekistan. Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti imwe yemamiriro makuru ekubatana nemhando dzepasi rose kuvepo kweiyo Better Work chirongwa mune imwe nyika. Icho chokwadi chekuti misimboti yakapihwa neBumbiro reRepublic yeUzbekistan neLabour Code inonzi "hwaro hwemisimboti" uye inofanirwa kutorwa seine zvimiso.

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