Kuvandudzwa kweUzbekistan kweNational Preventive Mechanism against Torture

Sechikamu chekuitwa kweUzbekistan's Action Strategy, iyo yakaratidza kutanga kwedanho idzva reshanduko dzegutsaruzhinji nekuvandudza nyika, mitemo yepasi rose yekodzero dzevanhu iri kuitwa zvine mutsindo. Mhedzisiro yacho inocherechedzwa nenyanzvi dzepasirese, anonyora Doniyor Turaev, mutevedzeri wemukuru weLegislation and Parliamentary Research Institute pasi peOliy Majlis.

Kubva muna 2017, Zeid Ra'ad al-Hussein, vakashanyira nyika seUN High Commissioner for Human Rights, vakati, 'Kuwanda kwezvikumbiro zvinovaka zvine chekuita nekodzero dzevanhu, zvirongwa uye mitemo mitsva yakabuda kubva Mutungamiri Mirziyoyev pavakatora chigaro zvinoshamisa.. '[1] 'Kodzero dzevanhu - mapoka ose ekodzero dzevanhu - dzinonyanya kukoshesa pazvinhu zvishanu zvinokosheswa zvakatarwa mugwaro regwaro rebumbiro remitemo rinotungamira mabhindauko arikudiwa aya - Chirongwa cheMutungamiriri weNyika 2017-21. Chero ani zvake anoda kunzwisisa kuti chii chiri pasi pekuchinja kunotanga kuitika muUzbekistan - uye chii chiri shure kwekushanya kwangu - anofanira kutarisa zvakanyanya paAction Strategy.'[2]

Nhasi, Uzbekistan iri bato kune gumi epasi rose epasi rose reUN kodzero dzevanhu, kusanganisira Chibvumirano Chinopesana Nekurwadziswa uye Humwe Hutsinye, Hutsinye kana Kuzvidzisa Mabatirwo kana Kurangwa (zvino - Chibvumirano Chinopesana Nekurwadziswa), uye nguva dzose kutora matanho ekuita zvisungo zvacho munyika. mutemo.

Tichifunga nezve chokwadi chekuti kufambira mberi muchikamu chekodzero dzevanhu, uye kunyanya, mukudzivirira kushungurudzwa, chimwe chezviratidzo zvinoratidza kukura kwedemocracy munyika, nyaya dzekutevedzwa kwemutemo wenyika unoenderana nemitemo yenyika zvakakosha zvikuru munguva yekuvandudzwa kuri kuitika kweUzbekistan, iyo iri kuvaka nyika inotongwa nedemocracy inotongwa nemutemo.

Zvichienderana nechisungo chekutora matanho anoshanda ekudzivirira zviito zvekushungurudza uye kubatwa zvisina kunaka kunobva kuChibvumirano cheKurwadzisa, Uzbekistan, pamwe nekugamuchirwa kwezviyero munzvimbo iyi, iri kuita shanduko yakakodzera kumutemo.

Nekuda kweizvi, ngatitarisei zvichangoburwa, musimboti, semaonero edu, shanduko mumutemo wenyika dzine chekuita nekudzivirira kurwadziswa uye kumwe kubatwa kana kurangwa zvine hutsinye, hutsinye kana kunodzikisira..

Kutanga, magadzirirwo akaitwa chinyorwa 235 cheCriminal Code, yakanangana nekusimudzira mutoro wekushandiswa kwekurwadziswa, kuwedzera huwandu hwevanogona kubatwa uye avo vanozobatwa nemhosva.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti yapfuura vhezheni yechinyorwa 235 cheCriminal Code

inorambidza tsika inorambidzwa yekutambudza kune zviito zvevakuru vemitemo uye haina kuvhara zviito ne 'vamwe vanhu vari kuita basa repamutemo', kusanganisira izvo 'zviito zvinobva mukukurudzira, kubvuma kana kubvuma kwemukuru wehurumende'. Mune mamwe mazwi, the yekutanga vhezheni yechinyorwa 235 cheCriminal Code yakanga isina zvinhu zvese zvechinyorwa 1 cheConvention against Torture, uko Dare reUN rinorwisana nokutambudza rakakwevera rakweverazve ngwariro yaro. Ikozvino, iyo nyowani vhezheni yechinyorwa ichi cheCriminal Code inopa zvinhu zviri pamusoro zveChibvumirano.

Chechipiri, zvinyorwa 9, 84, 87, 97, 105, 106 zve iyo Criminal Executive Code akagadziridzwa uye akawedzeredzwa nemaitiro ane chinangwa chekuchengetedza zvirinani kodzero dzevakabatwa nemhosva, kusanganisira kuchengetedza kodzero dzavo dzekuita maekisesaizi, kurayirirwa kwepfungwa, mamiriro ekushanda akachengeteka, kuzorora, kuenda, mubairo wevashandi, kuwaniswa kwehutano, kudzidziswa basa, nezvimwe.

Chechitatu, iyo Administrative Liability Code yakawedzerwa neitsva chinyorwa 197⁴, iyo inopa basa rekutonga rekuvhiringidza mabasa emutemo eParamende Ombudsman (Commissioner weOliy Majlis weRepublic yeUzbekistan weHuman Rights).

Kunyanya, chinyorwa chinopa mhosva yekutadza kwevakuru kuita basa ravo kuna Komisheni, zvichikonzera zvipingamupinyi pabasa rake, kumupa ruzivo rwemanyepo nemaune, kutadza kwevakuru kutarisisa zvichemo, zvichemo kana kutadza kwavo. kuzadzisa miganhu yenguva yekufunga nezvazvo pasina chikonzero chakanaka.

Chechina, chinjo dzinokosha dzakaitwa kuMutemo 'PaCommissioner weOliy Majlis weRepublic yeUzbekistan weHuman Rights (Ombudsman)' (zvino - Mutemo), maererano nezvayo:

- zvivakwa zvekururamisa, nzvimbo dzekuvharirwa uye nzvimbo dzekugamuchira dzakafukidzwa neimwe pfungwa ye '.nzvimbo dzekuvharirwa';

– chikamu chekufambisa mabasa eMukomisheni wedziviriro yekushungurudzwa nekubatwa zvisina kunaka chinogadzirwa mukati mechikamu cheSecretariat yeKomisheni;

- masimba eKomisheni munzvimbo ino anotsanangurwa zvakadzama. Kunyanya, Mutemo wakawedzerwa ne chinyorwa chitsva 20⁹, maererano neizvo Commissioner anogona kutora matanho ekudzivirira kushungurudzwa nekumwe kubatwa zvisina kunaka kuburikidza nekushanya nguva dzose kunzvimbo dzekuvharirwa.

Zvakare, maererano nechinyorwa 20⁹ weMutemo, Komisheni achaumba boka renyanzvi kuti rifambise mabasa ake. Boka renyanzvi richaumbwa nevamiriri veNGOs vane ruzivo rwehunyanzvi uye hunoshanda mumunda wejurisprudence, mushonga, psychology, pedagogy, nedzimwe nzvimbo. Komisheni achatara mabasa enhengo dzeboka renyanzvi uye kupa mirairo yakakosha yekuvabvumira kushanyira vakasununguka nzvimbo dzekuvharirwa uye. zvimwe zvivakwa izvo vanhu vasingabvumidzwe kubva pazvido.

Pano zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Mutemo unogadza zvinhu zvikuru zvekudzivirira nzira - kushanya nguva dzose kunzvimbo dzekuvharirwa.

Kunyangwe Uzbekistan isiri bato kuOptional Protocol yeConvention against Torture (pano - iyo Protocol), zvinogona kutaurwa, zvisinei, kuti, tichifunga nezvezvirongwa zvayo, pamwe nemukati mehurongwa hwekuzadzisa zvisungo zvayo zvepasi rose uye zvisungo zveConvention Against Torture, nyika yakagadzira yayo 'kudzivirira nyika michina'.

Zvichienderana nezviri muProtocol, 'netional preventive mechanism' (pano - NPM) zvinoreva boka rimwe chete kana akati wandei anoshanyira anotangwa, akasarudzwa kana kuchengetedzwa munharaunda kuitira kudzivirira kushungurudzwa nekumwe kubatwa zvisina hunhu. Chisungo chetatu cheProtocol chinosungira Mapato eNyika kumisa, kudoma kana kuchengetedza masangano akadaro.

Chikonzero chekugadzwa kweNPM chakatsinhirwa zvakadzama neUN Special Reporteur on torture (A/61/259). Maererano naye, zvikonzero 'zvinobva paruzivo rwokuti kutambudzwa uye kubatwa zvisina kunaka kunowanzoitika munzvimbo dziri dzoga dzokuvharirwa, uko vaya vanotambudza vanonzwa vaine chivimbo chokuti havakwanisi kunyatsoongorora uye kuzvidavirira.' 'Nekudaro, nzira chete yekuputsa mhirizhonga iyi ndeyekuisa pachena nzvimbo dzekuvharirwa kuti dziongororwe neveruzhinji uye kuita kuti hurongwa hwese hunoitwa nemapurisa, chengetedzo nevakuru vehungwaru vashande pachena uye vachizvidavirira kune kutariswa kwekunze.'[3]

Mutemo, sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa, unosimbisa nzira itsva yekudzivirira, iyo inopa Komisheni kodzero yekutora matanho ekudzivirira kushungurudzwa nekubatwa zvisina kunaka kuburikidza nekushanya nguva dzose kunzvimbo dzekuvharirwa, pamwe nekutora matanho akafanana kune dzimwe nzvimbo dzisingabvumidzwe vanhu kubva pamadiro.

Pamusoro pezvo, matanho akakosha akatorwa munguva pfupi yapfuura kusimbisa hurongwa hwenyika hwekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, kunyanya:

- iyo National Strategy yeRepublic yeUzbekistan paHuman Rights yakagamuchirwa;

- kuitira kuti ishandise National Strategy uye kuwedzera masimba eParamende mukushandisa kutonga kweparamende pamusoro pekuitwa kwezvisungo zveUzbekistan zvepasi rose zvekodzero dzevanhu, Komisheni yeParamende inoona nezvekutevedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose yakasimbiswa;

- chinzvimbo che Commissioner weKodzero dzeMwana yakasimbiswa;

- matanho akatorwa kuvandudza chimiro che National Human Rights Center yeRepublic of Uzbekistan;

Pamusoro pezvo, zvinofanirwa kusimbiswa zvakasiyana kuti Uzbekistan yakasarudzwa kuUN Human Rights Council.

Kusvika iye zvino, kuitira kuti uenderere mberi nekuita zviga zvepasi rose nekuvandudza mitemo yenyika uye maitiro ekudzivirira munzvimbo ino, iyo Komisheni yeParamende inoona nezvekutevedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose, pamwe chete nevakuru vehurumende vane hunyanzvi, vanoita zvinotevera:

Chekutanga. Maererano neProtocol, mamwe mapoka emasangano anowira mukati mechikamu chetsanangudzo 'nzvimbo yekuvharirwa' uye anogona kutaurwa netsanangudzo izere mumutemo wenyika nechinangwa chekujekesa.[4] Semuenzaniso, masangano akadai anogona kusanganisira masangano epfungwa, nzvimbo dzekuvharirwa dzevana, nzvimbo dzekuvharirwa kwekutonga, nezvimwe.

Panyaya iyi, nyaya yekusanganisira mumutemo akati wandei masangano makuru, iyo NPM inogona kugara ichishanyira, iri kufungwa.

Chepiri. Zvinoenderana neConvention against Torture, pfungwa dze'kutambudzwa' uye 'hutsinye, hutsinye kana chirango chinodzikisira' dzinosiyaniswa zvichienderana nechimiro, chinangwa chekuita uye chiyero chekuomarara kwekutambudzika kunoitwa kune akabatwa nechiitiko ichi. .

Tichifunga izvi, nyaya ye kusiyanisa pfungwa dze'kurwadziswa' uye 'hutsinye, hutsinye kana kubata kana kurangwa kunodzikisira' uye kudzika mumutemo wetsanangudzo dzavo dzakajeka uye zviyero zvemhosva yezviito izvi zviri kutariswa.

Chetatu. Sechikamu chekushandiswa kwezvisungo zveChibvumirano Chinopesana Nekushungurudzwa, kunaka kweruzivo uye zviitiko zvekudzidzisa nezvekodzero dzevanhu zviri kuvandudzwa, ndiko kuti, basa riri kuenderera mberi rekuzivisa nezve kukosha uye zviri mumitemo inorambidza kurwadziswa uye kubatwa zvisina kunaka.. Zvakarongwa kuti zvibatanidze nyaya yekurambidza kushungurudzwa uye kubatwa zvisina kunaka muzvirongwa zvekudzidzisa kwete zvevakuru vemitemo chete, asiwo zvekurapa, vashandi vezvidzidzo uye vamwe vashandi vanogona kuve nechekuita mukubatwa kwevanhu munzvimbo dzehusungwa.

Chechina. Nyaya yeratidzo ye Optional Protocol kuConvention against Torture iri kufungwa, uye tichifunga nezveizvi, kwakarongwa kukoka Mumiririri Anokosha weUN pamusoro pekurwadziswa kuUzbekistan.

Nekudaro, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti nhanho dzinoshanda, dzakanangwa uye dzakarongeka dziri kutorwa muUzbekistan kuti iwedzere kuvandudza nzira yekudzivirira yenyika inonangana nekudzivirira kurinani uye kudzivirira kushungurudzwa uye kuedza kwehutsinye, hutsinye kana chirango chinonyadzisa.

Zvinofanira kubvumwa kuti, hongu, kuchine huwandu hwematambudziko asina kugadziriswa munzvimbo ino muUzbekistan nhasi. Zvakadaro, pane chido chezvematongerwo enyika chekuenderera mberi nekuvandudzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Mukupedzisa, tinoda kutora mazwi ekutaura kweMutungamiriri weUzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev pa46.^th musangano weUN Human Rights Council uchitaura izvozvo Uzbekistan 'icharamba ichidzvinyirira marudzi ese ekurwadzisa, utsinye kana kubatwa zvisina kunaka', uye 'senhengo yeHuman Rights Council ichadzivirira nekusimudzira nekushingaira mitemo netsika dzemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu pasi rose.'

[1] [1] Ona 'Kuvhura mazwi akataurwa neUN High Commissioner weHuman Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein pamusangano wevatori venhau panguva yekutumwa kwake kuUzbekistan' (https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx ?NewsID=21607&LangID=E).

[2] Ibid.

[3] Chirevo cheMupepeti akakosha weUN pamusoro pekurwadziswa, ndima. 67, UN General Assembly A61/259 (14 Nyamavhuvhu 2006).

[4] Ona Nhungamiro Yekugadzwa uye Kudomwa kweNPMs (2006), APT, p.18.

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