Turkmenistan: Makore makumi matatu nemashanu ekuzvitonga

Muna 2026, Turkmenistan inopemberera makore makumi matatu nemashanu ekuzvitonga kwayo, chiitiko chakakosha chinokoka kutarisisa zvakadzama kuti nyika yechidiki yakatsvaga sei kugadzikana, kuzivikanwa, uye kukosha kwenyika dzese pakati pemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika ari kuchinja. Nyika yakazivisa kuzvitonga muna 1991 apo Soviet Union yakaparara, ikatarisana nematambudziko maviri ekuvaka nyika munyika uye kuisa kunze kwenyika munzvimbo ine kusava nechokwadi kutsva nekwekare - kunyanya kurwisana kwevanhu muAfghanistan iri pedyo uye kugadziriswa kwepasi rose mushure meHondo Yemashoko. Kuti isimbise ramangwana rayo, nyika yakatora danho nekukurumidza kudzikamisa hutongi nehupfumi, ichitora maitiro akagadzirirwa kudzivirira budiriro yemuno kubva mukukanganisika kwekunze uye kusimbisa fungidziro kune vagari nevanoisa mari zvakafanana.

Danho rimwe rairatidza kukosha kwaro raive sarudzo yeMejlis (Paramende) yekuzivisa gore ra2026 seGore re "Turkmenistan Isina Kuzvimiririra - Nyika yeMabhiza Ane Mapapiro Ane Chinangwa." Ichiratidzwa sekuremekedza kuzvitonga uye mabhiza eAkhal-Teke anozivikanwa, zita iri rinoratidza kuti kuvaka nyika, nhaka yetsika, uye hurongwa hwehupfumi zvinosimbisana sei panguva inokosha yenyika.

Kusarudzwa kwechirevo hakusi kungoitwa netsika chete. Kunoratidza hurongwa hwakakura hwemitemo hwakagadziriswa neTurkmenistan kwemakore anopfuura matatu nehafu: kusapindira zvachose senzvimbo yepasi rose, kuvaka nyika senzira yemukati, uye kubatana senzira inoshanda yekubudirira—kunyanya kuburikidza neMiddle Corridor (Trans-Caspian International Transport Route) inobatanidza Central Asia neSouth Caucasus, Türkiye, neEurope. Mishumo yazvino, kusanganisira ongororo yeEuronews pamusoro pekuwedzera kwekubatana kweTurkmenistan nedzimwe nyika uye kuvhurika—kunyanya pamusoro pevechidiki, dzidzo, uye hukama hwepasi rose—inoratidza nzira iyo Ashgabat iri kugadzirisa mufananidzo wayo wekushandira pamwe kwenguva refu.

Kuzvimiririra seNheyo yeMutemo weNyika

Kuzvimirira ndiyo hwaro hwakasimba hwemutemo wenyika yeTurkmenistan. Izvi zvinopfuura kutaura kwebumbiro remitemo; ipfungwa yenyika. Sezvinowanzotaurwa nevagari vemuTurkmen, "kuzvimirira ndiko kukosha kunonyanya kukosha" - kutenda kunoratidzwa mundima dzekutanga dzerwiyo rwenyika:

"Mweya wangu chibayiro kwamuri, nyika yangu inodiwa,
Mweya wemadzibaba akashinga uri mumoyo mangu.
Chiedza chenyika isina kwayakarerekera uye yakazvimirira,
Mureza wenyu unosimudzirwa kumusoro pamberi penyika.

Kubva muna 1991, Turkmenistan yagara ichivavarira "kufambira mberi patsva," ichiisa zvirongwa zvehupfumi hwevanhu pamwe nekuchinja kwehutungamiriri hwehurumende kuti ivandudze kugona kwenyika uye mabasa ehurumende. Nyaya dzepamutemo dzinosimbisa kuti mutemo wenyika—wemuno newekunze—unofanirwa kutanga wabatsira vanhu, pfungwa iri mupfungwa yekuti "nyika ndeyevanhu," inowanzobatanidzwa nezvirongwa zvekugadzirisa mumakumi emakore apfuura. Tsananguro yehurumende ine musoro unoti "Kuzvitonga - hwaro hwakasimba hwemutemo wenyika weTurkmenistan" inotsanangura pfungwa iyi zvakajeka, ichibatanidza shanduko dzemasangano nekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero uye hutongi hunobatanidza vanhu vose.

Basa guru remutemo wemuno nekunze unoteverwa naMutungamiri Serdar Berdimuhamedov nderekuona kuti vagari vemuTurkmen vanogara zvakanaka. Ndosaka, paunofamba uchienda kuTurkmenistan, unobva wangoona kuti ndiyo chete nyika muCentral Asia ine zvisaririra zvinoonekwa zvenguva yeSoviet zvishoma, nepo mabhurandi emunyika yeTurkmen achitonga nzvimbo yeruzhinji. Izvi zvinoratidza mhedzisiro yepfungwa ye "nyika yevanhu" yakaunzwa kuburikidza nekuvandudzwa kwaGurbanguly Berdimuhamedov.

ziviso

Turkmenistan yakasimbisa zvikuru kuvaka nyika, maitiro akaumbwa nezvinangwa zviviri zvikuru: kubatana kwemadzinza akasiyana-siyana uye kuderera kwetsika dzenzanga dzechiRussia, sezvakaratidzwa muongororo yezvedzidzo yaKuru, AT (2002).

Sezvambotaurwa, Turkmenistan inomiririra muenzaniso wakabudirira zvikuru wekuvaka nyika muCentral Asia, uko munhu anogona kunzwa zvechokwadi kuvapo kwenyika ine simba rayo uye yakazvimirira mutsika. Semuenzaniso, Turkmenistan ndiyo nyika yekutanga munharaunda iyi kuumba arufabheti yayo yenyika. Arufabheti yechiCyrillic yakanyangarika nekukurumidza mushure merusununguko, zvichiratidza kutsunga kwenyika kusimbisa hunhu hwenyika hwakasiyana. Uyezve, kubva parusununguko muna 1991, nyika yave neshanduko huru, kusanganisira kuvandudzwa kwehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakasiyana, hwakavharika zvakanyanya uye mapurojekiti makuru ekuvaka muguta guru, Ashgabat.

Kuvaka nyika nekurangarira nhoroondo

Kutanga kwerusununguko kwaisanganisirawo kuvaka ndangariro yenhoroondo yakafanana. Muzvinyorwa zvake, Saparmyrat Niyazov, purezidhendi wekutanga weTurkmenistan, akasimbisa kuzivikanwa kwerudzi rutsva mumazana emakore ehunyanzvi hwehurumende hweTurkmen nehugamba—achidana vanhu vakaita saAtabegs, Sultan Alp Arslan, Prince Melik, naMelik Shah kuti varatidze rusununguko sekudzoka kumidzi uye chirongwa cheramangwana. Sezvinotaurwa neRuhnama:

"Madzitateguru edu agara achishuvira kuti vanhu vekuTurkmen vararame hupenyu hwakasununguka, hwakazvimiririra uye hune rugare. Kusvika zvavaida zvazadziswa, vanhu vedu vaifanira kutambura nehondo dzakawanda dzakadeuka ropa kwenguva refu. Mazana ezviuru zvevanhu vakafira nyika yavo nerusununguko rwayo."

Nyaya inobatanidza chibayiro chekare nekuzvitonga kwemazuva ano haisi yekunyora chete. Inoshandiswa setsika dzehurumende, ichitsanangura kuti nei kuzvitonga kuchidzivirirwa zvakanyanya muhurukuro dzeveruzhinji netsika dzezvematongerwo enyika.

Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov paakatanga kutonga, hutungamiriri hwake hwakatarisana nekusimbisa hutongi hwenyika, achiwanzosimbisa kumutsidzirwa kwetsika dzenyika uye kukura kwehupfumi kwakasimba. Zvechokwadi, pasi pehurongwa hwaBerdimuhamedov, Turkmenistan haina kungochengetedza rusununguko rwepamusoro rwesimba chete asiwo yakaratidza kukura kwakasimba uye kwakasimba.

Chinangwa ichi chekusimbisa kuzvitonga kweTurkmenistan nekukurumidzisa budiriro yenyika chakaramba chichifambira mberi nekukurumidza pasi pemutungamiri wenyika aripo, Serdar Berdimuhamedov. Semuenzaniso, pakupera kwaNdira-Gunyana 2025, hurongwa hwekugadzira mafuta asina kucheneswa hwakanga hwazadzikiswa zvakanyanya ne109.7 muzana, kuchenesa mafuta ne109.4 muzana, uye kubuda kweMinistry of Energy kwakawedzera ne109.5 muzana, sekureva kweDHA Press. Mutungamiri Serdar Berdimuhamedov akaisa pamberi kugadzikana, zvivakwa, uye kuvandudzwa kwezvikamu mumagetsi, mafambiro ekufambisa zvinhu, uye kugadzira. Turkmenistan iri kuramba ichisimbisa chinzvimbo chayo semugadziri wesimba guru, nemafuta akacherechedzwa anosvika mabhareni emamiriyoni mazana matanhatu kubva muna Ndira 1, 2025, sekureva kwedata razvino kubva kuUS Energy Information Administration (EIA).

Kupemberera makore makumi matatu nemashanu erusununguko: Tsika, sinema uye diplomacy

Kupemberera makore makumi matatu nemashanu kwave kuchipembererwa zvakanyanya munyika uye mukati memasangano evamiriri vedzimwe nyika. Mahofisi evamiriri akaita mabiko ane dingindira rekuti nyika ya2026 uye chiitiko chikuru chekuzvitonga, ukuwo masangano etsika akaronga zviitiko zvinoonekwa zvakanyanya. MuAnkara, "Turkmenistan Film Days" (Kukadzi 16-18, 2026), yakarongwa pamwe chete neTURKSOY, yakaratidza mafirimu enyika nenhaka yetsika - ichibatanidza kuratidzwa nehurukuro nechirevo chegore uye nemakore zana e "Türkmenfilm".

Mukati meTurkmenistan, Vhiki reMafirimu reNyika muAshgabat (Kukadzi 16–22, 2026) rakaitirwa munzvimbo huru—Ashgabat Cinema, nzvimbo dzemafirimu/makonsati eTurkmenistan neWatan, uye Mukam Palace—zvichiratidza mafirimu ekare akadzorerwa uye mafirimu emazuva ano akagadzirwa munguva yerusununguko. Mapepanhau akawanda akashuma nezvechirongwa ichi, kusanganisira Orient, Zaman Türkmenistan nedzimwe nzvimbo dzenhau dzetsika.

Embassy yeTurkmenistan muTajikistan yakaita chiitiko chakatsaurirwa kurondedzero yegore ra2026 pamwe nekupemberera makore makumi matatu nemashanu ekuzvitonga kweTurkmenistan.

Muna Kukadzi 4, Embassy yeTurkmenistan muUkraine yakaita chiitiko chemhemberero yekuremekedza chirevo chegore uye kupemberera kuzvitonga.

Nyika yerunyararo kuburikidza nekusingaperi kwekusapindira mune zvematongerwo enyika

Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakabudirira neTurkmenistan mumakore erusununguko ndechekusapindira kwayo zvachose, kwakacherechedzwa neUN muna 1995 uye kwakasimbiswazve neUN General Assembly musi wa21 Kurume, 2025 (Resolution A/RES/79/274). Chisarudzo ichi chinosimbisa mupiro weTurkmenistan muhurukuro dzedunhu, kudzivirira diplomacy, uye kuvaka rugare pamwe nekupa kwayo kuita hurukuro dzekutsigira kuyananiswa kweAfghanistan. Izvi zvinoratidzwa nekuti Resolution "On the Permanent Neutrality of Turkmenistan," yakagamuchirwa musi wa12 Zvita, 1995, yakabatanidzwa muBumbiro reMitemo renyika. Gore rapera, Turkmenistan yakapemberera makore makumi matatu ekusapindira zvachose uye yakazivisa kuti iGore reRugare neKuvimba, ichishandira pamwe neUnited Nations kukurudzira rugare pasi rese. Sezvakanyorwa naShohrat W. naBereket S. (2025) mukutsvaga kwavo kwedzidzo: "Munyika iri kuramba ichioma uye yakabatana, uko kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika kunowanzo tonga misoro yenhau, Turkmenistan inomira sechiratidzo chekugadzikana uye kugara pamwe chete murunyararo."

Ongororo dzichangoburwa dzinotsanangura kuti maonero aya anotsigira sei mhedzisiro yehupfumi. Chinyorwa chemutemo chegore ra2025 chakagadzirwa neJoint Chambers of Commerce (Switzerland-Eastern Europe, Central Asia, South Caucasus) chinoti kusapindira mune zvematongerwo enyika kwakatsigira zvakananga budiriro yemuno nekuratidza kugadzikana uye fungidziro, nokudaro zvichiwedzera mari yekudyara kwenguva refu uye zvichiita kuti pave nekushandira pamwe mudunhu.

Sekureva kwaIurie Moraru, Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weJoint Chamber of Commerce Switzerland-Eastern Europe, Central Asia, South Caucasus (JCC), “Kuzivikanwa kwenyika dzese kwekusapindira kweTurkmenistan kwakaita kuti nyika ive nemukurumbira wekugadzikana nerunyararo. Kutaura zvazviri, kusapindira kwerudzi urwu zvachose kwaratidza kuti kwakabudirira zvikuru mukusimudzira hupfumi hwayo, zvichisimbisa basa reTurkmenistan mukugadzikana kwedunhu uye kukurudzira kukura.

Kusava Nedivi Rakarerekera uye Mugwagwa Wepakati: Nei Turkmenistan Ichikosha kuEurope,

Kuzvitonga kweTurkmenistan kwakakosha zvikuru kuEurope. Senyika isina kwayakarerekera inosimudzira rugare, Turkmenistan inokurudzira chivimbo chekudyidzana kwenguva refu. Ndokusaka Euronews inonyora munyaya yayo kuti: “MuEurope yese, kufarira Central Asia kuri kukura — kubva pakushanda pamwe chete kwesimba nekufambisa kusvika pakushanda pamwe chete kwemamiriro ekunze nekubatana. Turkmenistan, ine nzvimbo yayo yekutarisira uye kusapindira mune zvematongerwo enyika — kusatora chikamu muhondo dzezvombo kana kubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika — iri kuwedzera kuvapo kwayo pasi rose, ichizviisa semubatsiri akasimba kune dzimwe nyika.”

Nzvimbo yeTurkmenistan uye kusapindira kwayo munyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika zvinobatana kuita kuti nyika ive nzvimbo inovimbika inoyambuka "Middle Corridor" yeTrans-Caspian, nzira ine nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinobva kuChina neCentral Asia kuburikidza neCaspian Sea, Azerbaijan, Georgia, neTürkiye kuenda kuEurope. Masangano ekuEurope akawedzera kutarisa kwavo panzira iyi, vachitanga chidzidzo che2026 chakatsigirwa neEU chinoongorora zvinodiwa nekudyara mari kuti pave nemazuva ano mafambiro ekufambisa, simba, uye madhijitari kubva kuCentral Asia kuenda kuSouth Caucasus neTürkiye—kukurudzira kuri pachena kuti nzira dzekutengeserana dzienzaniswe uye kukwidziridza zvivakwa pazvinonyanya kukosha.

Chiteshi cheTurkmenbashi uye kuvandudzwa kwekubatana kwechiteshi ichi

Padanho renyika mbiri neredunhu, simba rinoonekwa. Georgia neTurkmenistan vakakurukura pachena nezvekudyidzana kwakadzama kwekutakura nekufambisa mukati meMiddle Corridor framework, vakuru vakuru vachiratidza kufambira mberi kwemakwikwi enzira yeEast-West. Mishumo yekupera kwa2025 yakaratidza kuwedzera kwekubatana pamwe nekubudirira kwehupfumi kwekudyidzana kwekutakura nekutakura zvinhu nekukurumidza. Nhau dzakabatana dzinosimbisa hurukuro dzakakosha pakati peTbilisi neAshgabat, zvichiratidza kubatana pakuvandudzwa kwenzira dzekutakura zvinhu uye kugona kwenzira yeTrans-Caspian.

Ruzivo rwekutengeserana rwuri kufambawo nenzira imwe chete. Muna 2024, kutengeserana kweTurkmenistan neKazakhstan kwakataurwa kuti kwakasvika pamadhora mazana mashanu nemakumi mashanu nemashanu nemakumi manomwe emamiriyoni ($555.7 million), masangano anoshanda pamwe chete akaona kuwedzera kukuru kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika kweTurkmen kuKazakhstan, kusanganisira huwandu hwegasi rechisikigo - humbowo hwehukama hwakadzama hwesimba hunotsigira kushanda kwemukoto uyu. NekuTürkiye, masosi epamutemo neasiri epamutemo anoti huwandu hwekutengeserana muna 2023 hwakasvika pamadhora mabhiriyoni maviri nemazana matanhatu ($2.6 billion), nechinangwa chekupeta kaviri kusvika pamadhora mabhiriyoni mashanu ($5 billion); muna 2024 huwandu hwekutengeserana kwemativi maviri hwaive pamadhora mabhiriyoni maviri nemazana matanhatu nemakumi matanhatu nematanhatu ($2.166 billion), zvichiratidza kuderera kudiki asi kushandira pamwe kwakasimba pasimba remagetsi nemidziyo.

Chinosimbisa basa reTurkmenistan ndicho chiteshi chengarava cheTurkmenbashi International chakagadziridzwa paGungwa reCaspian, chakagadzirirwa kushanda senzvimbo huru inobatanidza nzira dzechitima nemigwagwa kuenda kuSouth Caucasus uye kuenda kuEurope. Chaizvoizvo, kusapindira mune zvematongerwo enyika pamwe nehurongwa hwekubatana kunoita kuti Turkmenistan ive neruzivo rwakafanotaurwa kune vanoisa mari vekunze nevatengesi vengarava vanotsvaga nzira dzekumabvazuva-kumadokero dzinotarisirwa nenjodzi. Urwu ndirwo rudzi rweruzivo rwakakosha rwakacherechedzwa neEuronews painotsanangura kufarira kuri kukura kweEurope mukubatana kweCentral Asia, mamiriro ekunze, uye kushanda pamwe chete kwesimba—Turkmenistan "ichiwedzera kuvapo kwayo kwepasi rose" kubva pakuva mubatsiri asina kwaakarerekera, akasimba.

Kuzvimiririra mumweya wenyika: Mabhiza eAkhal-Teke

Kuzvimiririra uye kuzivikanwa zvinogona kunge zviri chiratidzo chavo chakasimba mubhiza reAkhal-Teke, rinopembererwa mumifananidzo yenyika uye rinoratidzwa paState Emblem yeTurkmenistan. Muna 2026, sarudzo yechirevo chegore negore inonzwika zvakanyanya nekuti inoenderana neGore reBhiza mukarenda yekuMabvazuva—“mabhiza ane mapapiro ane chinangwa” riri zita renhetembo rekutsungirira, runako, uye hunyanzvi hweAkhal-Teke. Muchiitiko chikuru chekuzivikanwa pasi rose, "Unyanzvi hwekuberekesa mabhiza eAkhal-Teke netsika dzekushongedza mabhiza" zvakanyorwa neUNESCO muna 2023 paRepresentative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity.

Runyoro rweUNESCO runosimbisa hunhu hwakasiyana hwemhuka iyi—hukuru hukuru, njere, kugona kuchinjika, simba, uye kupenya kwesimbi—pamwe chete netsika dzinoenderana nemazita, makwikwi erunako, tsika dzemuchato, uye mitambo yemabhiza inopfuudzwa kuburikidza nekudzidzira kusiri kwepamutemo uye dzidzo yepamutemo. Muna Gumiguru 2024, mhemberero yekupa chitupa cheUNESCO muArkadag yakaratidza kukosha kwechinyorwa ichi mutsika nehunyanzvi, zvichiratidza kuti nhaka yemhuka iyi inobatsira sei kuzivikanwa uye simba rayo.

Nhoroondo netsika dzevanhu dzakagara dzichiona kudzama kwehukama hwevaTurkmen nebhiza. Mabhiza eAkhal-Teke anozivikanwa nesimba rawo, runako, uye kutsungirira, ane nzvimbo huru munhoroondo yevaTurkmen uye anoratidzwa nekuzvikudza paState Emblem yeTurkmenistan. Aya "mabhiza ekudenga," anozivikanwa nekupenya kwawo kwesimbi kwakasiyana uye simba rinoshamisa, chiratidzo chenyika. Munguva yemhemberero dzeZuva reIndependence, vashanyi vanogona kutarisira mijaho yemabhiza inonakidza uye mitambo yemabhiza pamitambo yehippodromes. Vatasvi vemabhiza, vanowanzoita mabasa akaomarara, vanoratidza hukama hwakadzama hwenhoroondo pakati pevanhu veTurkmen nemabhiza avo, sezvakacherechedzwa naRush, C. (2025, Zvita 15). Nhasi, Akhal-Teke inoonekwa seimwe yemhando dzemabhiza dzisingawanzoonekwi uye dzinokosheswa zvikuru pasi rose. Ichionekwa sepfuma yetsika chaiyo, mufananidzo wayo unoratidzwa pachiratidzo chenyika cheTurkmenistan sechiratidzo cherusununguko, sekureva kwaEsenov Batyr.

Bhiza rine nzvimbo huru mutsika dzechiTurkmen. Mukuru weFrance Henri de Couliboeuf de Blocqueville (2000: 70–71) akati:

"Vanhu vekuTurkmen vanogara vachitamba nemabhiza avo vasinganeti kana kuzorora. Vanotarisira mabhiza avo nokungwarira sezvinoita maziso avo uye vanoratidza hanya huru neutano hwavo. Ndakamboona mumwe murume wekuTurkmen akadonha kubva pabhiza rake akakuvara zvakanyanya. Pasinei nemamiriro ake ezvinhu, akakambaira nesimba guru achienda kubhiza rake ndokucheka mitsipa yemakumbo aro epamberi kuitira kuti mhuka yaaida sehupenyu hwake isawire mumaoko emuvengi."

Uyezve, Mutungamiri wekutanga weTurkmenistan, Saparmyrat Niyazow, akanyora mubhuku rake rinonzi Ruhnama kuti mabhiza eTurkmen chiratidzo chekuzvimirira:

"Bhiza rinofamba-famba inzira yekupona munyika inofa. Ndiro chiyero cherusununguko nerusununguko, sezvo pasina simba rinogona kudzora kana kutonga muTurkmen aritasva."

Saka tinogona kutaura nechivimbo kuti bhiza ragara riri chiyero chezvinhu zvenyama uye zvemweya kuvanhu vechiTurkmen.

Foramu yebhizinesi reEU-Turkmenistan

Nyaya inodzokororwa mumutemo weTurkmen ndeyekuti kuzvitonga kwehupfumi kunosimbisa kuzvitonga kwezvematongerwo enyika. Simba ndiro chinhu chikuru pakuita izvi. Panguva imwe chete, Turkmenistan ichaita musangano wekutanga weEU-Turkmenistan Business Forum munaKurume 2026. Turkmenistan yava mubatsiri akakosha kwete kuEU chete asiwo kuAsia, neUSA.

Mazuva mashoma apfuura, Mutungamiriri weNyika wevanhu veTurkmen uye Sachigaro weHalk Maslahaty (Dare reVanhu), Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov, vakatanga rwendo rwepamutemo kuUS, vachiratidza danho rakakosha mukusimbisa hukama pakati penyika mbiri idzi.

mhedziso

Makore makumi matatu nemashanu mushure merusununguko, Turkmenistan inozviratidza senyika yakagadzikana, isina kwayakarerekera, uye ine chivimbo mutsika, iri kutsvaga nzira dzinoshanda dzekubudirira. Pasi paMutungamiri Serdar Berdimuhamedov, hurumende yakatevedzera muenzaniso wekubvumirana munharaunda, kuvandudza hupfumi, uye kubatanidzwa kwenyika dzakawanda kwakanyatsorongwa, ichibatanidza kusarerekera nekubatana uye kuvaka nyika nekuvhurika kwehupfumi.

KuEurope nenzvimbo dzakakura, kusapindira kweTurkmenistan zvachose uye nzvimbo yayo yezvematongerwo enyika zvinoita kuti ive nzvimbo yechisikigo muMiddle Corridor, nzira iyo masangano eEurope ari kutsigira iye zvino nemapurani, mapuratifomu, uye (zvinowedzera) mari. Kubatanidzwa kwehutongi hunofanotaurwa, kubatana kwetsika, uye zvivakwa zvakawanda-zvinoratidzwa nekupenya kweAkhal-Teke, "bhiza rine mapapiro rine chinangwa"-zvinoratidza nzvimbo yakasimba yeTurkmenistan: chinobatanidza chakavimbika, chisina kurongeka pakati peCentral Asia neEurope chinoshandisa mamiriro erunyararo mumikana yehupfumi inooneka.

Tichitarisa mberi, zvakakosha zviri pachena. Nekuramba tichishandura kusapindira mune zvematongerwo enyika kuita kubatana, uye nhaka kuita simba rakadzikama, Turkmenistan inogona kushandura danho rayo remakore makumi matatu nemashanu kuita hurongwa hwemakumi emakore akawanda—hunochengetedza budiriro munyika uku ichidhirowa patsva mamepu ekutengeserana kweEurasian nenzira dzinobatsira vadyidzani muCaspian yese nekune dzimwe nyika.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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