Crimea ndiyo yakazvimirira ndima yeUkraine

Crimea pakutanga yaive yeTurkey, asi yakakundwa nezvikepe zveRussia zvaCatherine Mukuru pakupera kwezana ramakore rechi 18 zvichitungamirwa neScotland Admiral Thomas Mackenzie, akavamba guta reSevastopol iro rakazova muzinda weCatherine's Black Sea Fleet. Mukucherechedza kwekuita kwake, makomo ari shure kweSevastopol achiri kutumidzwa zita rake. Crimea inzvimbo yakachinja maoko kakawanda.

Musi wa19 Kukadzi 1954, Presidium yeSupreme Soviet yeUSSR yakapa chirevo chekutamisa dunhu reCrimea kubva kuRussia Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) kuenda kuUkraine Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR). Chikonzero chepamutemo chaive "kushamwaridzana kwehupfumi uye nharaunda yepedyo". Muna Kubvumbi 1954 Supreme Soviet yakanyoresa mutemo uyu uye yakasarudza kuita shanduko yakakodzera muBumbiro reMitemo yeUSSR. Muna June, idzi chinjo dzakapinzwa mubumbiro remitemo yenyika.

Munguva yapashure pehondo, rakanga riri basa rakajairika rekutonga kuhutungamiriri hweSoviet kudhirowazve miganhu yeSoviet republic. Izvi zvese zvakaitwa mukati mehurongwa hwenyika imwechete ine centralized control muKremlin. Vashoma vanhu vaifunga kuti USSR yaizoparara, uye kuti sarudzo idzi dzaizokonzera kukakavara kwezvematongerwo enyika nekunetsana kwemauto. Kutaura zvazviri, hurumende yeSoviet yakabatanidza nemaune mamwe matunhu asiri edzinza mumarepabhuriki enyika kuti aaswedere pedyo neMoscow.

Anenge makore gumi pashure pehondo, Crimea yakanga ichiri matongo. Iwo anotungamira zvikamu zvehupfumi hweCrimea: horticulture, kupfuya mhuka, viticulture, uye kugadzira waini zvaive mudambudziko rakadzika.

Matambudziko epeninsula akawedzerwa nekudzingwa kwevanhu vakawanda, maCrimean Tatars, akarongwa nehurumende yeStalinist muna 1944. Pakave nekuedza kuvatsiva nevakabva kune dzimwe nyika, kunyanya kubva kuRussia hinterland - Kursk neVoronezh nzvimbo, Volga. nharaunda, uye kuchamhembe kumatunhu RSFSR. Zvisinei, makoroni matsva akanga asingashandisi zvishoma, sezvo vakanga vasina kujaira mamiriro ekunze eCrimea uye vakanga vasingazivi maitiro emunharaunda ekurima mumakomo uye steppe. Vazhinji vavo vakaona mazambiringa, fodya, uye chibage kekutanga.

Naizvozvo, kuendeswa kweCrimea kuhutongi hwehutongi hweUkraine SSR, iyo yaive yakabatana nepeninsula mune zvehupfumi uye zvivakwa, yairatidzika kunge ine musoro. Uyezve, kunyange kusati kwaendeswa, rubatsiro rukuru kune peninsula rwakabva kuUkraine.

Kuendeswa kweCrimea kwakagadzirisa dambudziko guru repeninsula, kushayikwa kwemvura. Muna 1963, danho rekutanga remugero rakavhurwa, uye rakapedzwa kunyange mushure mekuputsika kweUSSR. Izvi zvakabvumira kuvandudzwa kwekurima, zvivakwa zvekutandarira, uye kutangwa kweindasitiri itsva yeCrimea - kurima hove dzemaindasitiri.

Muna 1958, hurumende yeUkraine SSR yakasarudza kuvaka nzira yeSimferopol-Alushta-Yalta trolleybus, nzira yakareba kupfuura dzose pasi rose yetrolleybus pamakiromita makumi mapfumbamwe nematanhatu. Mutsetse wekutanga, kuAlushta, wakavhurwa mumwedzi gumi neimwe uye wakapedzwa muna 96.

Pakasvika ma1960, dzimba, migwagwa, zvipatara, zvikoro, zviteshi, mahotera, nhandare dzemitambo, zviteshi zvemabhazi, bhodhingi, uye zviyeuchidzo zvokuvaka zvakanga zviri kuvakwazve muCrimea. Aya ndiwo mashandurirwo akaita peninsula kuita "all-union health resort" uye yaizove chikamu chakakosha cheUkraine kwemakumi emakore anotevera.

Kusununguka kweUkraine muna 1991 semugumisiro wekuputsika kweUSSR (sekutsanangurwa kwaVladimir Putin se "dambudziko guru rezvematongerwo enyika rezana remakore rechimakumi maviri") raive uye rinoonekwa nevakuru veRussia se "kusanzwisisa" kwezvakaitika kare kunofanira kugadziriswa. kukurumidza kukuru. Pakutanga kwaNyamavhuvhu 26, 1991, mazuva maviri mushure mekunge Verkhovna Rada yeUkraine yagamuchira Mutemo weIndependence yeUkraine, munyori wenhau weMutungamiriri weRSFSR Boris Yeltsin, achimiririra wake akazivisa chinzvimbo chepamutemo cheRussia pahukama ne "union republic. ": "RSFSR inochengetedza kodzero yekusimudza nyaya yekudzokorora miganhu."

Mumakore ese ekuzvitonga kweUkraine, Russia yanga ichishandisa mauto ayo ese enzira dzekupandukira kusimudzira manzwiro anopokana neUkrainian, anti-Western uye pro-Russian pakati pehuwandu hweAutonomous Republic yeCrimea neSevastopol. Vachiregeredza nemaune mhedzisiro yezvido zvevanhu veCrimea panguva yereferendamu yeAll-Ukrainian musi waZvita 1, 1991, zviremera zveCrimea zvichibatsirwa neRussia zvakaedza kakati wandei kuti zvisiyane neUkraine mukutanga kwema1990 (1992, 1994-1995). Zvisinei, mamiriro ezvinhu aya haana kuwana tsigiro yakafara pakati pevagari venzvimbo iyi. Vachiona kuti pakanga pasina tsigiro yevakawanda inoshingaira yepfungwa dzekuparadzanisa, Kremlin yaivimba nematsotsi eCrimea.

Kubva mukupera kwema1980, pakatanga kudzoka kwevanhu veCrimean Tatar kuCrimea, Kremlin yanga ichikurudzira nekushandisa ruvengo rwemadzinza pakati pemadzinza eRussia nevanhu veko veCrimea, maCrimea Tatars, uye kumutsa fungidziro yevatorwa pakati pevaCrimea vanotaura chiRussia. vagari. Kuenderera mberi kunonzwisisika kwemutemo uyu pakarepo mushure mekutorwa zvisiri pamutemo kweCrimea kwaive kusunungurwa kwekutambudzwa kukuru kweCrimean Tatars nemamwe mapoka emagariro emarudzi nezvitendero.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha mumutemo weRussia unopesana neUkrainian muCrimea uye zvakazotevera imwe yezviridzwa zvinotungamira zvekutora zvisiri pamutemo peninsula yaive yeRussia Black Sea Fleet (BSF). Zvinoenderana nenhevedzano yezvibvumirano zvakasainwa neUkraine neRussian Federation kubva 1994 kusvika 1997, Ukraine yakahaya kuRussian Federation kwenguva ye20 makore akawanda ezvivakwa muSevastopol, iyo Autonomous Republic yeCrimea neHenichesk (Kherson dunhu) iyo yakapa. zvigaro zvezvikepe. Zvinoenderana nezvibvumirano, Russia inogona kuchengetedza mauto anosvika zviuru makumi maviri nezvishanu muCrimea uye yakavimbisa kusaendesa zvombo zvenyukireya. Mumakore ese eiyo Black Sea Fleet yakavakirwa muUkraine, Russia yakanyatso kuvharira kuedza kupedzisa mamiriro ekugara kwenguva pfupi kwezvikepe, kutyora zvakarongeka zvisungo zvayo, uye yakadzivirira vamiriri vehurumende yeUkraine kushanyira nzvimbo dzenguva pfupi dzeBlack Sea. Fleet yekuitisa inventory yezvakarejeswa zvivakwa nenyika. Nzvimbo dzakarejeswa dzakashandiswa sehwaro hwekuitisa kucherechedzwa uye kupandukira, ruzivo-propaganda uye mamwe mabasa anopesana neUkraine.

MunaEpril 2008, panguva yemusangano weBucharest NATO, V. Putin akaudza Mutungamiri weUnited States George W. Bush kuti: "Ukraine haisi nyika zvachose. Chikamu chenharaunda yayo iEastern Europe, uye chikamu chayo, uye chikamu chinokosha, chakapiwa. kana Ukraine yakabatana neNATO, ichaenda isina Crimea neEast - inongoparara."

Mushure mekupera kwekurwa kwemauto neGeorgia muna Nyamavhuvhu 2008, Russia yakatanga matanho akazara ekugadzirira kurwisa Ukraine.

Muna 2010 mushure mekukunda kwaYanukovych musarudzo yemutungamiri wenyika, vamiririri veRussia vakakurumidza kupinda munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzekuchengetedza nyika yeUkraine. Kugadzwa kwakada kufanana panguva imwe chete kune zvinzvimbo zvakakosha muchikamu chekuchengetedza nekudzivirira chenhamba dzine hukama hwakasimba kune masevhisi akakosha eRussia zvinoratidza. Pakanga pari panguva yekutonga kwaYanukovych uko kugona kwekudzivirira kweUkraine kwakabatwa nechakaipa chinoparadza.

IKremlin yakatanga kugadzirira zvakananga kutorwa kweCrimea zvisiri pamutemo uye chisimba kumabvazuva kweUkraine muzhizha ra 2013. MunaNovember 2013-February 2014, mauto e-pro-Russian akabatanidzwa muCrimea, mapoka asina pamutemo ezvombo (mapato ekuzvidzivirira) akarongwa, uye hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika uye hwehurongwa hwekugara kwepeninsula hwakagadzirwa.

Maererano nehurongwa hwakagadzirirwa kare, kutanga kubva munaFebruary 20, 2014, misangano pasi pezvinyorwa zvekuparadzanisa zvakarongwa mumaguta eSevastopol neSimferopol, umo vagari veRussia vakaita basa rinotungamirira, vachiita se "matsotsi akatsamwa", achimutsa kukakavara, uye kuedza kumisa mamiriro ezvinhu munzira dzose dzinobvira.

Husiku hwaFebruary 27, 2014, Mauto Akakosha eRussia akatora zvivako zvekutonga zveParamende neHurumende yeAutonomous Republic yeCrimea. Musi waFebruary 28, 2014, vatevedzeri veVerkhovna Rada yeAutonomous Republic yeCrimea, vakanongedza pfuti, nekutyorwa kwakanyanya kwemaitiro, vakasarudza kudana referendamu pamusoro pemamiriro eCrimea ndokugadza S. Aksyonov semukuru weCrimea. hurumende.

Kutanga pazuva rimwe chetero, mauto eRussia Armed Forces akagadza kutonga pamusoro pezvivakwa zvakakosha zvezvivakwa, nhandare dzendege, mapfuura, mabhiriji, uye akatanga kuvharira maUkraine mauto uye zvivakwa papeninsula, mamwe acho akangoerekana atorwa. Nzvimbo dzezvekufambiswa kwemashoko nenhare dzeUkraine dzaiva pakati pezvakatanga kutorwa. Kare mukutanga kwaKurume 2014, zvikamu zvebasa zvakadzima kutepfenyura kweUkraine terevhizheni papeninsula.

Kunyangwe hukuru hwenhamba hwemurwi weRussia, kumanikidzwa kukuru kwepfungwa uye kuvharika kwemauto, mamwe mauto eUkraine akatsiga akabata mutsetse uye akasiya peninsula mushure mekugamuchira kurongeka kwakakodzera musi waKurume 24, 2014.

Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu aya, ichikurumidza kuwedzera boka rayo remauto, iro maererano nekugona kwayo kurwa kwakapfuura zvakanyanya mauto eUkraine akamira muCrimea, Russia yakanyatso kupedzisa kutora peninsula mumakore gumi ekutanga aKurume.

Musi waKurume 18, 2014, muMoscow, Mutungamiriri weRussia Vladimir Putin, anozviti "Sachigaro weDare reMakurukota eAutonomous Republic of Crimea" Sergei Aksyonov, "Mutauriri weSupreme Council yeAutonomous Republic yeCrimea" Vladimir. Konstantinov uye anozviti meya weSevastopol, Oleg Chaly, vakasaina chibvumirano chekugadzwa kweRepublic yeCrimea kuRussia. Pamhemberero iyi, Putin akapa hurukuro yaakadzokorora zvakare kuti maUkraine neRussia vanhu vamwe, uye akati: "mamiriyoni evanhu veRussia, vagari vanotaura chiRussia vanogara uye vachagara muUkraine, uye Russia inogara ichidzivirira zvido zvavo ... ".

Kuwedzerwa kweCrimea kunofananidzira Putin - shure kwezvose, chiito ichi chemutongi weRussia chakagamuchira kubvumirwa kukuru kubva kuRussia munguva yekutonga kwake. Mumakore masere ekugara, vanhu vokuRussia vanenge 800,000 XNUMX vakatamira kuCrimean peninsula zvisiri pamutemo.

Crimea inokoshawo kuUkraine, nokuti pasina kusunungurwa kwepeninsula, hazvizobviri kutaura nezvekudzorera kuvimbika kwenharaunda yeUkraine.

Uye pakutanga kwekupinda kwakazara kweRussia muna Kukadzi 2022, hurumende yeUkraine yakanga ichiri kugadzirira kukurukura nezvenyaya yeCrimea, iyo yakazounzwa sechibvumirano cherunyararo, ikozvino, mushure mekupokana kwakawanda kweUkraine. kudzorera peninsula nemauto nzira inotonga Ukrainian hutungamiri.

Ndiko kukosha kwekufananidzira kweCrimea kwaPutin uye vafambisi vake vanogona kuve nyore lever yeUkraine. Kana Kyiv ikagamuchira zvombo zvakakwana kudzinga maRussia kubva muCrimea, uye kana Mauto eUkrainian Armed Forces akaita zvigumbuso zvakati wandei, zvichave zvakakwana kupa Ukraine chinzvimbo chakanaka muhurukuro dzerunyararo.

Izvo zvakakosha kupa Ukraine nezvombo zvakawanda sezvainokumbira. Kyiv yakaratidza kakawanda kuti inochengeta zvipikirwa zvayo zvekusashandisa zvombo zvinopihwa nevanoshanda navo munharaunda yeRussia. Nekudaro, Mauto Emauto eUkraine ari kushandisa zvombo zvese zvakapihwa kuti vadzore nyika yavo zvakanyanya. Naizvozvo, ndege, ATACMS, uye mabhomba akareba eHIMARS anongowedzera kupera kwehondo. Zvikasadaro, nyika ichafanirwa kuona hondo dzinorema uye kurasikirwa kwakakosha kwevaUkraine nemaRussia kwemamwe mwedzi yakawanda.

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