Kurwisa Hugandanga: Kuchengetedza hutungamiriri uye kudzokera shure kwehutongi hwedemocracy muJammu neKashmir inotongwa nePakistan

Musi wa27 Chikunguru 2026, zuva rekutanga kwesarudzo dzemudunhu muJammu neKashmir (AJK) inotungamirwa nePakistan, kurwisana kwakauraya vanhu kwakatanga muRawalakot. Sekureva kweJammu neKashmir Joint Awami Action Committee (JAAC), mauto ekuchengetedza ePakistan akapfura varatidziri nemoto, zvikasiya vanhu gumi nevapfumbamwe vafa uye vamwe vakawanda vakakuvara. Panguva imwe chete, kumiswa kuri kuitwa kwemafoni neinternet kwakadzivirira kusimbiswa kwezviitiko, zvichirambidza zvakanyanya vatori venhau, vaongorori vekodzero dzevanhu, nevacherechedzi vesarudzo. Vachipindura chiitiko ichi, Amnesty International yakakumbira kuti kutaurirana kudzoserwe nekukurumidza, mukana wevacherechedzi vakazvimirira usvike pasina muganho, uye kuferefeta kusina rusarura, vachiti zvirevo izvi zvairatidza maitiro enguva refu ekushandisa simba rakawandisa kurwisa varatidziri (Amnesty International, 2026), anonyora Dimitra Staikou.

Mhirizhonga muRawalakot yakanga isiri chiitiko chega asi mugumo wedambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika rakanga ratanga mavhiki apfuura. Musi wa5 Chikumi 2026, maawa mashoma mushure mekunge sarudzo dzedunhu dzaziviswa, hurumende yeAzad Jammu neKashmir yakatsaura JAAC se "sangano rakarambidzwa" pasi pemutemo wePakistan weAnti-Terrorism Act, ikamisa masevhisi einternet enharembozha nekusingaperi, uye yakatanga kusungwa kwevanhu vakawanda vachinanga hutungamiriri nevatsigiri vesangano iri. Yakavambwa muna 2023 semushandirapamwe wevanhu vepasi rose waida shanduko dzehupfumi, JAAC yakashanduka zvishoma nezvishoma kuva imwe yemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika ane simba mudunhu iri. Kunyange pakutanga yakatarisana nekukwira kwemitengo, mitengo yemagetsi, uye hutongi, yakaramba ichipikisa hurongwa hwebumbiro remitemo hweAJK, kunyanya kugoverwa kwezvigaro gumi nezviviri zvakachengetwa muDare reParamende revapoteri vekuKashmir vanogara muPakistan. Kusawirirana kwezvematongerwo enyika kwakawedzera mushure mekunge Musangano weMapato Ese waramba zvikumbiro zvekuchinja kwesangano musi wa3 Chikumi, Dare Repamusorosoro risati rasimbisa hurongwa hwesarudzo huripo mazuva mana gare gare. Nekuda kweizvozvo, sarudzo dzaChikunguru hadzina kungova makwikwi enzvimbo dzezvematongerwo enyika asi referendamu pamusoro pemvumo yemasangano anotonga vamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika munharaunda iyi.

Nyaya yeJAAC inokosha nekuti inoratidza shanduko yakakura mumaitiro ePakistan ekupikisa zvematongerwo enyika kubva pasarudzo dzakakakavadzana dza8 Kukadzi 2024. Sarudzo idzodzo dzakaratidzwa nekuvharwa kweinternet munyika yese, kupomerwa kwezvirambidzo zvakanangana nemapato anopikisa, uye kunetseka kuripo maererano nekutendeseka kwesarudzo (Freedom House, 2025; Human Rights Watch, 2025). Mushure mesarudzo, hurumende yeMutungamiriri weHurumende Shehbaz Sharif yakawedzera zvakanyanya simba rehurumende munzvimbo yedhijitari kuburikidza nekugadziriswa kweMutemo wePrevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA), wakagadzwa muna Ndira 2025. Amnesty International yakati shanduko idzi dzakawedzera zvakanyanya masimba ehurumende ekudzora kutaura online uye kuita kuti mafomu edhijitari asina kutsanangurwa zvakajeka ave mhosva, zvichikonzera kunetseka maererano nerusununguko rwekutaura uye kutora chikamu kwevanhu (Amnesty International, 2025). Human Rights Watch yakagumisawo kuti shanduko idzi dzakawedzera kudzikamisa nhau dzakazvimirira, kutaura online, uye mabasa everuzhinji (Human Rights Watch, 2025).

Izvi zvinoumba chikamu chemaitiro akakura ekudzokera shure kwedemocracy. Freedom House's Rusununguko Munyika 2025 yakagumisa kuti sarudzo huru dzePakistan dza2024 dzakaitwa pakati pekusungwa kweaimbove Mutungamiriri wehurumende Imran Khan, zvirambidzo pakupindira mune zvematongerwo enyika kwePakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), kukanganiswa kweinternet pazuva resarudzo, uye zvichemo zvinovimbika zvekushandiswa kwesarudzo (Freedom House, 2025). Mushumo wacho wakaramba uchitaura kuti mauto ePakistan achiri kuramba achishandisa simba guru pamusoro pemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika enyika. Kunetseka kwakafanana kwakataurwa neHuman Rights Watch, iyo yakanyora kumanikidzwa kwenguva refu kune vanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika, kupomerwa kwevanorwira kodzero dzevanhu, zvirambidzo pakusvika pasocial media platform X, uye kuwedzera kuri kuramba kuchiitwa kwenzira dzekutarisa nekuongorora dzedhijitari (Human Rights Watch, 2025). Kana zvikafungwa pamwe chete, ongororo idzi dzinoratidza kuti masimba ekuchengetedza anoshamisa ari kushandiswa zvakanyanya kupfuura kurwisa hugandanga, achishanda sezvishandiso zvekudzora makwikwi ezvematongerwo enyika, kusabvumirana neveruzhinji, uye kutora chikamu kwevanhu.

Kuchinja uku kunogona kunzwisiswa kuburikidza nepfungwa yekuchengetedzwa kwezvibvumirano, apo nyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika dzinoshandurwa kuita nyaya dzekuchengetedzwa kwenyika, nokudaro zvichiita kuti matanho ehurumende anoshamisa aisazogamuchirwa pasi pemaitiro ehurumende (Buzan, Wæver, & de Wilde, 1998). Pane kuramba akaganhurirwa pakurwisa hugandanga, mitemo yekukurumidzira inogona kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma mukutonga kwevanopikisa zvematongerwo enyika, kuratidzira pachena, uye kutaurirana kwedhijitari. Saka kukosha kwenyaya yeJAAC hakusi chete pakutsanangura sangano revanhu vepasi rose sesangano remagandanga, asiwo mune zvinoratidzwa nechiratidzo ichi nezvehukama huri kuchinja pakati pekuchengetedzwa nehutongi muPakistan yanhasi.

Jammu neKashmir dzinotungamirwa nePakistan dzinopa muenzaniso wakajeka wekuchinja uku. Pamwe chete nekusarudzwa kweJAAC musi wa5 Chikumi 2026, zviremera zvakaisa mutemo wekuvharwa kweinternet yefoni usingaverengeki uchikanganisa vagari vanopfuura mamiriyoni matanhatu. Chirongwa cheAccess Now cheShutdown Tracker Optimization Project (STOP) chakanyevera kuti kudzimwa kwekutaurirana kwakakanganisa hupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kwakarambidza kuwanikwa kweruzivo, kwakadzivisa magwaro emhosva dzekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, uye kwakaderedza mutoro weveruzhinji nekudzivirira mishumo yakazvimirira (Access Now, 2026). Mhirizhonga payakatanga muRawalakot mavhiki manomwe gare gare, kudzimwa kwekutaurirana kwakagadzira nzvimbo isina ruzivo umo nyaya dzepamutemo nedzevanopikisa dzakatsiva kusimbiswa kwakazvimirira. Mukupindura, Amnesty International neUnited Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Volker Türk vakakumbira kuti kutaurirana kudzoserwe nekukurumidza, mukana wekuona wakazvimirira usina muganho, uye kuferefeta kwakasarudzika, vachisimbisa kuti pachena uye kuongororwa kwakazvimirira zvinhu zvakakosha kuti munhu azvidavirire munguva dzematambudziko ezvematongerwo enyika (Amnesty International, 2026; OHCHR, 2026).

Kana zvikaonekwa pamwe chete, zviitiko izvi zvinoratidza shanduko yakakura mukushandiswa kwesimba rehurumende. Mitemo yekurwisa hugandanga, mitemo yedhijitari, uye zvirambidzo zvekukurumidzira hazvichashandiswi chete mukupindura kutyisidzira kwekuchengetedza kunozivikanwa asi zviri kuwedzera kuumba manejimendi yenguva dzose yemakwikwi ezvematongerwo enyika. Zviitiko zvakapoteredza JAAC zvinopa pokutangira pakuongorora kuti tinzwisise maitiro akakura umo kuwedzera kwemasimba ekuchengetedza kwave kuchiperekedzwa nekunetseka kuri kukura pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu, rusununguko rwevanhu, uye kuzvidavirira kwemasangano muJammu neKashmir inotongwa nePakistan.

Nzvimbo yakakura yekodzero dzevanhu muJammu neKashmir inotongwa nePakistan inoratidzawo kuti hutongi hwakatarisana nekuchengetedzwa kwenyika hwakakura sei kupfuura kutarisira kutyisidzira kwepakarepo. Mumakore gumi apfuura, Hofisi yeUnited Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Human Rights Watch, Amnesty International, nePakistan's Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) vakaratidza kakawanda kushushikana kwavo maererano nekutsakatika kwevanhu, kushandiswa zvakanyanya kwesimba, kurambidzwa kwerusununguko rwekutaura, mhirizhonga inokonzerwa nevanhukadzi, uye nzira dzisina simba dzekutarisira (OHCHR, 2018; Human Rights Watch, 2025; Amnesty International, 2025; HRCP, 2024). Kana zvikafungwa pamwe chete, ongororo idzi dzinoratidza kuti kuiswa kwemasimba ekuchengetedza anoshamisa kwakachinja kwete chete kutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika asiwo kuchengetedzwa kwakakura kwekodzero dzakakosha.

Pakati pezvimwe zvirevo zvakakomba ndezviya zvine chekuita nekuwanikwa kwemakuva evanhu vakawanda asina kunyorwa muKashmir inotongwa nePakistan nenzvimbo dziri pedyo. Human Rights Watch, masangano ekodzero dzevanhu emunharaunda, uye nzira dzekodzero dzevanhu dzeUnited Nations dzagara dzichisimbisa kukosha kwekuferefeta kwakazvimirira pamusoro pezvinopomerwa zvekutsakatika kwevanhu nechisimba uye kupondwa kwevanhu kunze kwedare muKashmir (Human Rights Watch, 2020; OHCHR, 2018). Mishumo yakaratidza kuwanikwa kwemakuva evanhu vakawanda muBalakot (2009), Gilgit-Baltistan (2012), uye Jhelum Valley (2014), zvichiratidza kunetseka pamusoro pekutsakatika kwevanhu nechisimba uye kupondwa zvisiri pamutemo. Hofisi yeUnited Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights yagara ichisimbisa kuti zvirevo zvinovimbika zvekutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu zvakakomba zvinoda kuferefetwa kusina rusarura uye pachena (OHCHR, 2018). Muna 2019, United Nations Human Rights Council yakakurudzira Pakistan kuti ibvumidze kuferefeta kwakazvimirira kwenyika dzese pamusoro pezvipomerwa izvi; zvisinei, Islamabad yakaramba kupa vaferefeti vepasi rose mukana. Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvirevo zvakawanda zvichiri kusagadziriswa, zvichisimbisa kunetseka kwenguva refu maererano nekujeka, kuzvidavirira kumatare, uye kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzakakosha.

Mhirizhonga inokonzerwa nevanhurume nevanhukadzi ndeimwe yenzira dziri kukonzera dambudziko guru iri rehurumende. Sekureva kwemushumo weUnited Nations, vakadzi vanosvika 80 muzana muAzad Jammu neKashmir vanosangana nemhirizhonga inokonzerwa nevanhurume nevanhukadzi. Human Rights Watch neUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) vakanyorawo nezvekuurayiwa kwevanhukadzi nevanhurume nevanhukadzi kwakashumwa pakati pa2015 na2020, kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekuroorana kwevanhukadzi nekumanikidzwa—kunyanya munharaunda dzekumaruwa uko vasikana vanosvika 40 muzana vari pasi pemakore gumi nemasere vanonzi vakanganiswa—uye mhirizhonga yepabonde inoramba ichiitika inofungidzirwa kuti inobata mumwe chete pavakadzi vana. Kutengeswa kwevanhu kuchiri kunetseka zvakanyanya, nefungidziro dzichiratidza kuti vakadzi vari pakati pe200 ne300 vanotengeswa gore rega rega kuti vashandiswe zvisina kunaka. Pamwe chete, zvakawanikwa izvi zvinoratidza kwete kusarongeka kwevanhukadzi chete asiwo zvikanganiso zvinoramba zviripo mukuchengetedzwa kwemasangano, kusimbiswa kwemutemo, uye kuwanikwa kweruramisiro (UN Women; UNODC; Human Rights Watch).

Kurambidzwa kwenzvimbo dzevagari kwakakanganisawo vatori venhau, varatidziri, uye masangano everuzhinji. Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Commission yePakistan, uye masangano epasi rose erusununguko rwevatori venhau vakagara vachinyora nezvekutyisidzirwa, kusungwa zvisina tsarukano, uye kushungurudzwa kwevatori venhau nevanodzivirira kodzero dzevanhu muPakistan yese (Human Rights Watch, 2025; HRCP, 2024). Mishumo inoratidza kuti pakati pa2019 na2020 vatori venhau vanosvika gumi vakasungwa mushure mekunyora nezvekuratidzira kana kutsoropodza maitiro ehurumende, nepo vanenge 80 muzana vakashuma kushungurudzwa panyama nekushungurudzwa kwepfungwa panguva yekusungwa. Maitiro aya, pamwe chete nekuvharwa kweinternet uye kurambidzwa kwenhau dzakazvimirira, zvakabatsira kuti kuongororwa kwemasangano ehurumende kuve kwakaoma zvakanyanya.

Kupomerwa mhosva dzemapurisa kunosimbisa maitiro aya. Muna 2020, murwiri wekodzero dzevanhu Shahbaz Ahmed anonzi akarohwa nemapurisa mushure mekuronga musangano weveruzhinji wairatidza kutyorwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Pakutanga, muna 2018, vatori venhau vainyora nezvekuratidzira kwakarongwa neAzad Jammu neKashmir People's Party vachipikisa huori hwehurumende vanonzi vakarwiswa nemapurisa. Kunyangwe zvichisiyana mumamiriro avo ezvinhu, zviitiko izvi pamwe chete zvinomutsa mibvunzo yakakura maererano nekuenzana kwemitemo yekuchengetedza mutemo, kuchengetedzwa kwekuungana murunyararo, uye kushanda kwenzira dziripo dzekuzvidavirira, zvinonetsa zvinogara zvichiratidzwa neHuman Rights Watch, Amnesty International, neHuman Rights Commission of Pakistan (Human Rights Watch, 2025; Amnesty International, 2025; HRCP, 2024).

Zvikatorwa pamwe chete, zviitiko izvi zvinosimbisa maitiro akakura akaonekwa muongororo iyi. Mitemo yekurwisa hugandanga, zvirambidzo zvedhijitari, mapurisa ekumanikidza, uye zvirambidzo parusununguko rwekutaura zviri kuramba zvichishanda mukati mehurongwa humwe chete hwesangano. Pane kungoshanda semhinduro kunjodzi dzekuchengetedza dzinozivikanwa, matanho aya pamwe chete anoumba hutongi hwevanopikisa vezvematongerwo enyika, veruzhinji, uye hurukuro dzeveruzhinji, zvichiratidza nzira iri kukura yekuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa umo masimba akasiyana anoiswa mukati memaitiro ehurumende.

Zvinokonzera matambudziko aya munyika zvakaperekedzwa nekuwedzera kwekuongorora kwenyika. Pakati pa2024 na2026, kunetseka kwakaratidzwa neHofisi yeUnited Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, masangano ezvibvumirano zveUnited Nations, Special Rapporteurs, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, neFreedom House zvakawedzera kuenderana nenyaya dzakajairika, kusanganisira kupomerwa mhosva kwevanopikisa zvematongerwo enyika, kuderedza nzvimbo yeruzhinji, kurambidzwa kwerusununguko rwekutaura, uye kutongwa kwevanhuwo zvavo pamberi pematare ehondo (OHCHR, 2024–2026; Amnesty International, 2025; Human Rights Watch, 2025; Freedom House, 2025). Pamwe chete, ongororo idzi dzinoratidza kuti mibvunzo ine chekuita negwara redemocracy muPakistan yave mukati mehurongwa hwepasi rose hwekodzero dzevanhu.

European Union yakawedzerawo izvi muhurukuro yayo neIslamabad. Kuburikidza neGeneralised Scheme of Preferences Plus (GSP+), European Commission yagara ichisimbisa kuti mukana wePakistan wekuwana misika yeEurope unoramba uchienderana nekushandiswa zvakanaka kwezvibvumirano zvepasi rose makumi maviri nenomwe zvine chekuita nekodzero dzevanhu, kodzero dzevashandi, kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, hutongi hwakanaka, uye kutonga kwemutemo (European Commission, 2024). Saizvozvowo, United States Department of State, European Union, neUnited Kingdom's Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office vakaratidza kunetsekana nezvekutongwa kwevanhuwo zvavo pamberi pematare ehondo, vachiti maitiro akadaro haaenderane nemitemo yekutongwa kwakarurama inozivikanwa pasi rose uye anokanganisa rusununguko rwematare (US Department of State, 2024; FCDO, 2024). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti maitiro ekutonga kwemuno anowedzera kukanganisa kuvimbika kwePakistan muhukama nevatinoshanda navo vakakosha vepasi rose.

Pakupedzisira, kukosha kwezviitiko izvi kunopfuura zviitiko zvega zvega zviri kuongororwa pano. Kubatana kwemutemo wekurwisa hugandanga, kuvharwa kweinternet kwenguva refu, kurambidzwa kwekutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika, mapurisa ekumanikidza, uye kunetseka kwekodzero dzevanhu nguva dzose zvinoratidza shanduko yakakura mukushandiswa kwesimba rehurumende. Kusarudzwa kweJammu neKashmir Joint Awami Action Committee sesangano rakarambidzwa, kudzimwa kwekutaurirana pamberi pesarudzo dzedunhu dza2026, kupomerwa kwesimba rakawandisa kune varatidziri, uye maitiro akakura enyaya dzekodzero dzevanhu dzakanyorwa pamwe chete zvinoratidza kuti masimba enjodzi anogona sei kuva masangano kupfuura chikonzero chavo chekuchengetedza chepakutanga.

Saka, mubvunzo mukuru hausisiri wekuti Pakistan iri kutarisana here nekutyisidzirwa kwechokwadi kwekuchengetedzwa. Asi, ndeyekuti kuramba kuchigadziriswa kwemasimba enjodzi kuri kutsanangura patsva hukama huripo pakati pekuchengetedzwa nehutongi hwedemocracy. Sezvo matanho emutemo anoshamisa achiramba achibatanidzwa mukutonga kwevasingabvumirani mune zvematongerwo enyika, kutaurirana kwedhijitari, uye kutora chikamu kwevanhu, musiyano uripo pakati pekurwisa hugandanga nehutongi unowedzera kuoma kuchengetedza. Saka zviri kuitika muJammu neKashmir dzinotongwa nePakistan zvinomiririra zvinopfuura dambudziko rezvematongerwo enyika redunhu; zvinopa chidzidzo chakakosha chekuti maitiro ekuchengetedza anogona sei kuumbazve masangano edemocracy, kuzvidavirira, uye hukama hwenyika neveruzhinji muPakistan yanhasi.

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