Indasitiri yeinjiniya yemagetsi mukumhanyisa kusimudzira

Musi wa 6 Chivabvu, musangano wevhidhiyo wakaitwa pasi pehusachigaro weMutungamiriri weUzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev, pakaitwa sarudzo nyowani pamusoro pekushandiswa kwekukura kwekuchengetedza muindasitiri yemagetsi., anonyora Edvard Romanov.

Indasitiri yemagetsi ndiyo inonyanya kusimudzira bazi rehupfumi. Zvizhinji zvezvigadzirwa zveindasitiri zvine ruzivo rwakanyanya uye zvine kukosha kwakawedzera. Kuvandudzwa kweindasitiri yemagetsi neindasitiri yemagetsi kunobatsira kufambira mberi kwesainzi uye tekinoroji, kukurumidza kusumwa kwekuvandudzwa kwesainzi, kuvandudzwa kwenzvimbo dzesainzi nekugadzira uye kukwezva nyanzvi dzakanyatso hunyanzvi. Naizvozvo, kusimukira kweindasitiri iyi kunopihwa pamberi munyika zhinji dzepasi.

MuUzbekistan, indasitiri yemagetsi iri kusimukirawo zvine simba. Mabhizinesi eindastiri akagona kugadzirwa kweanopfuura makumi matanhatu emhando itsva dzemagetsi uye epamba zvigadzirwa zvaimbounzwa kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Kunyanya, zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro zvakave nehunyanzvi hwekugadzira LCD neTV terevhizheni, mhando nyowani dzemichina yekuwachisa imba, zvitofu zvemagetsi nezvitofu, air conditioners, mafiriji, magetsi emagetsi uye ezuva, marambi e LED, magetsi emagetsi uye mamwe magetsi. midziyo, zvedzidzo uye rabhoritari midziyo, transformers uye zvinoriumba dzavo, tambo itsva dzemazuva ano uye waya.

Mukutaura kwaPresident kuParamende yenyika muna 2021, indasitiri yemagetsi, pakati pezvimwe, inonzi maindasitiri anogona kuita "madhiraivha" ehupfumi hwenyika. Iyo Development Strategy yeNew Uzbekistan ine chinangwa chekuwedzera kaviri kugadzirwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi uye katatu kunze kwenyika ne2026, mugore rimwe chetero huwandu hwekugadzirwa hwakarongwa kuwedzera ne20%.

Dynamics yemakore achangopfuura

Indasitiri yemagetsi yanga ichikura zvakanyanya pamakore mashanu apfuura. Nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kuri kuitika, $5 miriyoni yekudyara yakasimudzwa ikabviswa, 465 mapurojekiti matsva akatangwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, pamusoro penguva yakatarwa, vhoriyamu yekugadzirwa yakawedzera kane - kubva pa 163 trillion sums kusvika 4 trillion sums, kunze kwenyika kwakawedzera katatu - kubva ku $ 4 miriyoni kusvika $17 miriyoni, uye nhamba yemabasa yakapetwa kaviri uye yakasvika 3. Somugumisiro, somuenzaniso, muna 190, nhamba yeterevhizheni yakabudiswa yakawedzera ne565 nguva, kusvika 32.000 zviuru zvemayuniti, mafiriji, michina yekuwachisa, air conditioners - ne2021 nguva, kusvika ku2, 950 uye 3 zviuru zvezvikamu, maererano.

Zvisinei nedenda rekoronavirus, muna 2020, huwandu hwekugadzira hwakawedzera ne22.8% uye hunosvika zviuru gumi nezviviri nemazana matanhatu emadhora, kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwakawedzera ne12.6% kusvika pamadhora mazana matatu nemakumi matatu nematanhatu emamiriyoni emadhora, huwandu hwemari inokwezva yakasvika madhora mazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemashanu. Mukati megadziriro yePP-30.5 yaNdira 326.5, 193.8 "Pamatanho ekuita Investment Chirongwa cheRepublic yeUzbekistan ye4563-9", mapurojekiti makumi maviri nemaviri ekudyara akaitwa kuburikidza neUzeltexsanoat Association pamabhizinesi gumi nematatu emubatanidzwa.

Muna 2021, zviratidzo zvekugadzira zveindasitiri zvakaramba zvichikura, huwandu hwekugadzira hwakawedzera ne22.3% uye hwakasvika 16.7 bhiriyoni, kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwakawedzera ne72.2% kusvika rekodhi $562.5 miriyoni. Panguva imwecheteyo, huwandu hwekugadziriswa kwemhangura yemhangura hwakasvika zviuru makumi mashanu neshanu zvematani, uye huwandu hwekudyara kwakakwezva hwaisvika kumadhora 55 miriyoni, iyo $150.6 miriyoni yaive yekunze yakananga mari. Mukati megadziriro yePP-65.6 yakabvumidzwa "Chirongwa chekugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi hwekugadzira uye kusiyanisa kwekugadzira muindasitiri yemagetsi muna 5011-2021", mapurojekiti makumi mana nemashanu ekudyara akaitwa muna 2022.

Muchikamu chekutanga cha2022, huwandu hwekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri nemabhizinesi eUzeltexsanoat hwakawedzera ne17.1% uye hunosvika 3.6 trillion sums ($322 miriyoni), uye kutengeswa kunze kwenyika kwakasvika madhora zana nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni, inove yakapetwa ka150 kupfuura munguva imwecheteyo ya1.5. Panguva imwecheteyo, geography yezvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika yakawedzerawo, zvigadzirwa zveindasitiri zvakasvika kune vatengi vekunze kwenyika itsva, dzakadai seYemen, UAE, Syria, Lithuania neTanzania. Munguva iyi, $ 2021 miriyoni yakabviswa mukati mehurongwa hwe14.2 mapurojekiti ekudyara akabatanidzwa muchirongwa, ayo $36 miriyoni yaive yekunze yakananga mari.

Kukurudzira kusimukira kweindasitiri

Kusimukira kwakasimba kwakadaro kweindastiri kwakakonzerwa nehurongwa hwehurumende huri kuenderera mberi hwekuikurudzira. Saka, semuenzaniso, maererano nePP-4348 yeChivabvu 30, 2019 "Pane mamwe matanho ekugadzira mamiriro akanaka ekusimudzira indasitiri yemagetsi uye kuwedzera mari yekudyara uye kutumira kunze kwenyika kweindasitiri", ese mabhizinesi eindasitiri yemagetsi. , uye kwete chete mabhizinesi ari chikamu cheUzeltexsanoat Association, kusvika Ndira 1, 2025 ivo vakaregererwa kubhadhara mutero wetsika yezvinhu zvakabikwa zvakaunzwa kune yavo yekugadzira zvavanoda, zvigadzirwa, zvikamu uye zvishandiso zvisina kugadzirwa mupublic.

Pamusoro pezvo, mabhizinesi eindastiri anofarira mabhenefiti akapihwa nehurumende kune vanotengesa kunze. Kunyanya, mabhenefiti anosanganisira chikamu, kusvika ku50%, kudzoserwa kwemitengo yekufambisa yekutumira zvigadzirwa; kutora chikamu muzviratidzwa; certification yezvigadzirwa, pamwe nekudzoserwa kweanosvika 6% yehuwandu hwekutengeswa kunze kwenyika zvigadzirwa zvemhangura zvine kukosha kwakawedzera, pamwe nekukurumidza kudzoserwa kweVAT, kugamuchira pamwero wakasarudzika (2%) mari yekuzadzazve mari yekushandisa mari. , vimbiso dzemari (kusvika ku50%) yehuwandu hwekuvimbisa kana uchitora chikamu mumatende, nezvimwe.

Pamusangano wevhidhiyo wakaitwa muna Chivabvu 6, 2022, mirairo chaiyo yakapihwa zvakare kutsigira vanogadzira zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Kunyanya, vatori vechikamu chemhangura yemhangura vachabvumirwa kusabvisa 50% yemutengo wezvigadzirwa zvitsva zvetekinoroji kubva pamutero wemutero mugore rokutanga. Uyewo, panguva yemusangano wekupedzisira, dzimwe nyaya dzakawanda pamusoro pekuvandudzwa uye kutsigirwa kwekambani yemagetsi zvakaonekwa.

Kugadzira uye kutumira kunze kwenyika

Iyo indasitiri ine mukana wekuwedzera ayo ekutengesa kunze. Semuenzaniso, nyika dzakavakidzana pagore dzinotenga zvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvinokwana mabhiriyoni matanhatu emadhora, mamwe acho anogona kutengwa kubva kwatiri, asi mugove wezvinhu zvinogadzirwa muUzbekistan mune zvekunze zviri pasi pe6%. Panguva imwecheteyo, Uzbekistan yakaunza madhora bhiriyoni mazana matatu ezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi muna 5, izvo, sezvakataurwa neMutungamiriri, zvinogona kugadzirwa kumba. Basa iri nderekuti zvinhu zvinotengeswa kunze kwenyika zvisvike kumazana manomwe emamiriyoni emadhora gore rino uye pa$1.3 bhiriyoni gore rinouya.

Nokudaro, yakarayirwa kugadzirisa hurongwa hwe "processing munharaunda yetsika", kutanga kushandisa muenzaniso wemidziyo yemumba. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakarongwa kugovera mabhiriyoni makumi maviri emari yekuunzwa kwehunyanzvi muindasitiri uye kuwedzera kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika zvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa kuElectrotechnical Fund. Panguva imwecheteyo, zvakarongwa kutungamira 20% yehuwandu hwekutengesa kunze kwehafu-yapedzwa zvigadzirwa zvemhangura uye kutengeswa kwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi kuhomwe.

Panguva imwecheteyo, kudiwa kwepamba kwezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi zvakapedzwa kuchamutswa. Kuti misha inosvika zviuru mazana matatu iwaniswe mvura gore rino, maheater emvura uye anounganidza zuva, pamwe nemamita emvura achadiwa. Panyaya iyi, zvakarongwa kuita chirongwa chekugadzirwa kwemamita emvura emagetsi mukati memwedzi mitatu muTechnopark yeTashkent. Pamusoro pezvo, chirongwa chekugadzira pombi dzemvura chakarongwa kutangwa muNamangan.

Kazhinji, mapurojekiti makumi masere nematanhatu emadhora mazana maviri nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni akarongwa kuti aitwe gore rino. Panguva imwecheteyo, vatungamiriri vematunhu vakarairwa kukwezva mapurojekiti matsva muinjiniya yemagetsi kweinenge $86 miriyoni, uye kuronga masumbu emagetsi munzvimbo nhatu dzerepublic pamuenzaniso weTashkent Technopark. Madhipatimendi ane mutoro akaoneswa kukosha kwekudzivirira zvigadzirwa zvemhando yakaderera kupinda mumusika wepamba, pamwe nekuunzwa kwechirongwa chekunyora mazita emidziyo yemumba. Rangarira kuti, sekureva kweHurumende Chirevo chaKubvumbi 250, 100 "Pakutanga kwehurongwa hwekusungirwa kunyora mazita edhijitari yemamwe marudzi ezvigadzirwa", zvinosungirwa kunyoreswa kwemidziyo yemumba kuchaunzwa muUzbekistan zvishoma nezvishoma muna 2.

Izvo zvinofanirwa kucherechedzwa kuti kekutanga munhoroondo yeUzbekistan neCIS nyika, magetsi ekushandura TMG akatevedzana eChirchik Transformer Plant akaedzwa zvakabudirira murabhoritari yeKEMA (Netherlands) uye akagamuchira chitupa chekuenderana kusangana zvinodiwa zvepasi rose IEC zviyero, izvo zvinoita kuti zvikwanise kuzvitumira kune chero nyika pasirese.

Kupa indasitiri nezvinhu zvakasvibiswa

Mhangura ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa pakugadzirwa kwemhando dzakawanda dzezvigadzirwa zvemagetsi. Anenge zviuru zana nemakumi mana nemasere ematani emhangura akagadzirwa muUzbekistan muna 148, ayo zviuru makumi mashanu neshanu zvematani emhangura, kana 2020% chete, akagadziriswa kuita zvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa nemabhizinesi emaindasitiri muna 55. Imwe yakasara yakatengeswa kunze kwenyika nenzira yemhangura mbishi. Naizvozvo, mumakore anotevera, huwandu hwemhangura hucharongwa kuwedzera ne37 nguva, kubva pa2021% kusvika 2% muna 37 uye kusvika 50% muna 2022.

Nezvikonzero izvi, musumbu idzva remhangura mudunhu reAkhangaran mudunhu reTashkent, iro rinosanganisira cheni yakakosha "dzidzo-innovation-kugadzirwa-sevhisi", masimba ekugadzirisa e90 zviuru zvematani emhangura achagadzirwa mukati mezvirongwa gumi nemaviri zvakakosha $12. mamiriyoni. Mabhizinesi anotora chikamu muchikwata ichi achapihwa mukana wekutenga mhangura pasi pezvibvumirano zvenguva refu pamutengo wekudzikisira mitengo. Izvi zvichabatsira kuwedzera chikamu chekugadziriswa kwemhangura inotorwa munyika kuita zvigadzirwa zvakapedzwa uye kuderedza huwandu hwekutengesa kunze kwenyika yemhangura mbishi.

Zviwanikwa zvevanhu uye R&D zvakakosha zvikuru

Nyaya dzekudzidziswa kwevashandi dzakabatwawo pamusangano uyu. Mumakore matatu anotevera, indasitiri iyi ichada vana mazvikokota zviuru zvina vane dzidzo yepamusoro uye vashandi zviuru gumi nezvina vane dzidzo yesekondari. Bazi redzidzo yepamusoro nesekondari rakarairwa kuti riongorore nekuvandudza makosi einjiniya yemagetsi. Zvakasarudzwa kupa Tashkent Radio Engineering College, iyo Samarkand uye Chirchik technical service makoji, Fergana Electrotechnical College kuUzeltexsanoat Association, pamwe nekugadzira Dhizaini uye Injiniya Center pasi peUzeltexsanoat Association nekubatanidzwa kwekutungamira makambani ekunze. Pamusoro pezvo, zvakarongwa kuita chirongwa chakakosha chekutsvagisa nekusimudzira (R&D) mumunda weinjiniya yemagetsi. Zvekureva: R&D (Eng. Research and Development ("research and development") inhengo inoshanda mukambani inobatanidza zvikamu zvakati wandei uye ine basa rekugadzira, kushambadzira chigadzirwa uye kutonga kutenderera kwehupenyu hwayo. Iyo R&D block inosanganisira: kuongororwa kwemusika, tsvaga niches inovimbisa uye zvikumbiro zvevatengi.

Pakupera kwegore, nzvimbo dzeR&D dzichagadzirwa pahwaro hwemabhizinesi "Electroapparat" (tsvagiridzo yeimwe simba uye magetsi emagetsi), "Technopark" (akaoma molds), "Artel" (mitsva mhando dzemidziyo yemumba), JV "Uzkabel" (zvitsva zvekudzivirira uye tambo). Hwakarongwa kukwezva nyanzvi dzekunze nedzemuno dzine hunyanzvi kunzvimbo idzi. Mari inosvika mabhiriyoni gumi ichapihwa mizinda iyi kubva kuInnovation Fund. Pamusoro pezvo, nzvimbo dzeR&D dzichabhadhara chete 10% yehuwandu hwemutero wezvivakwa uye mutero wepasi kwemakore matatu. Bazi rezvemari rakarairwa kuunza bhiri rekutanga mutero wemagariro we1% kwavari.

Electrical engineering mu "green" simba

Musangano uyu wakazeyawo kuvandudzwa kwemamwe magetsi. Nekuda kwekuti mapurojekiti matsva munzvimbo ino anoda zvikamu zvinosvika bhiriyoni imwe yemadhora, kuiswa kwezvikamu kuchawedzerwa. Indasitiri inovimbisa iyi ichasimukira nekubatanidzwa kwevadyidzani vatsva nekudyara. Semuenzaniso, zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti muna Zvita 1, 17, chibvumirano chakasainwa neACWA Power (Saudi Arabia) pakuvakwa kwe2021 MW yemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi ichavakwa muRepublic of Karakalpakstan, mutengo wepurojekiti imadhora zana nemasere. mamiriyoni. Pamusoro pezvo, chirongwa chakakosha chichagadzirwa chekuisa masisitimu ekudziya kwemvura mumasangano emagariro uye kuvhenekesa kwemumugwagwa kunoenderana nemamwe masimba emagetsi.

Mukupedzisa, ndinoda kucherechedza zvakare kukosha uye tarisiro yeindasitiri yemagetsi kuhupfumi hwenyika. Iyo inokurumidza kugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi inowedzerwa, R&D inoshandiswa zvakanyanya uye kunaka kwezvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa kunowedzera, iyo yakawanda mikana ichavhurika yekuzadzikiswa kwekugona kwekutengesa kunze kwenyika, izvo zvichabvumira mune ramangwana kukwikwidza neakawanda anozivikanwa mabhureki epasi uye zvizere. kuzadzisa zvinodiwa mumusika wepamba.

Edvard Romanov, muongorori mukuru weCentre for Economic Research and Reforms pasi peKutonga kweMutungamiriri weRepublic yeUzbekistan..

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