The taxonomy yemhirizhonga

“Unogona kunge watipofomadza tose, mumwe nemumwe wedu, nepfuti dzako panguva iyoyo. Asi mucharamba muine meso okuona zvamakatiitira. Hausi kutiparadza. Ndimi muri kutivaka. Muri kuparadza imi pachenyu. - (Arundhati Roy)

Mashoko ari pamusoro apa aArundhati Roy, hana chaiyo yeIndia, anoratidza chiso chinosemesa chenjodzi iri kuitika muIndia inogarwa neKashmir. Imwe yeparadhiso yakanaka kwazvo pasi pano iri kuparadzwa nemauto anosvika miriyoni akasimba emauto, mapurisa nemauto anoshanda pasi pePublic Safety and Prevention of Terrorism Acts. Pfuti dzinoshandiswa kunanga mhuka dzesango dziri kushandiswa pavaKashmiri vasina mhosva kuvanyima kodzero dzavo dzekuzvitaura dzavakapihwa pasi peUN Charter. Hondo yevaIndia isina tsitsi yakakuvadza 10,500 Kashmiris pakati pa2016 naGumiguru 2020, kupofumadza zana nemakumi matatu uye nekupofumadza 139 zvishoma, kusanganisira vana nevakadzi. Hudzvanyiriri hwehutsinye hwehuwandu hwakawedzerwa munharaunda yeCovid-410 uko, panzvimbo yekupa rubatsiro kuvanhu, kuvharirwa kwekutaurirana kwakaiswa munzvimbo yese inogarwa neIndia yeJammu neKashmir. Kudzima kwedhijitari kwevanhu vasina njodzi kwakaramba kuchienderera kwemwedzi inopfuura minomwe kuchigadzira rekodhi repasi rose rekusarurana kweinternet, anonyora Raashid Wali Janjua.

VaKashmiris vari kurangwa nekuda kwekutsungirira kwavo uye kutendeka kusingakanganisi kune chikonzero cherusununguko rwakarambwa kwavari nekuda kwekuramba kweIndia kweUN Resolutions 39 (20 Ndira 1948) uye 47 (21 Kubvumbi 1948). Zvisungo izvi zvinodaidzira kumisa kurwa uye kuita chikumbiro chekuti vazive zvishuwo zvevaKashmiris kuti vabatane nePakistan kana India. Manheru ekuzvitonga kweIndia nePakistan muna 1947 chirongwa cherusununguko chakaunzwa neBritish chakapa sarudzo kune imwe neimwe yematunhu mazana mashanu nemakumi matanhatu neshanu mukati meBritish Indian Union kuti vasarudze chero nyika kuburikidza nechishandiso chekugadzwa chakanangana neViceroy. . Nepo dzimwe nyika dzeIndia dzakashandisa sarudzo yadzo, Maharaja weKashmir, mutongi weimwe yenyika huru, akaora mwoyo uye akaverengera, achichengeta vanhu vake pamwe chete nevapambi veBritain vavhiringidzika. Mutongi ari muHindu akanzwa kutyisidzirwa ne565% ruzhinji rwevaMuslim veNyika yake uye akapinda mu "Standstill Agreement" nePakistan, iyo yaibvumira kutengeserana nekutengeserana hukama kuburikidza neyakagadzika nzira dzekutaurirana kwemamiriro ekunze pakati pePakistan neNyika yeJammu uye. Kashmir.

Achityisidzirwa uye achitya zvikuru, mutongi wechiHindu panzvimbo pokubvuma kuPakistan kana kuti India akamirira chishamiso chokurebesa kutonga kwake. Akanga achengeta ruzhinji rwechiMuslim pasi peusungwa hune utsinye kuburikidza neruzhinji rwechiHindu mapurisa nemauto. Nekutya kumukira kwakakurumbira akatanga nhimbe yekutorera vanhu vechiMuslim vehurumende. Ichi chiyero chakakonzera kumukira kwemauto kurwisa Maharaja kubva kuPunch neDhirkot. Maharaja akatsamwa akapindura nemamwe matanho ekudzvinyirira pane kukudza chitsidzo chake chebumbiro chekubvuma kune imwe yehutongi. Kumukira kwakapararira uye kurasikirwa kwenzvimbo kwakashungurudza Maharaja zvekuti akatiza Srinagar, guta guru reHurumende yeJammu. Kuburikidza nekubatana kwemamwe makurukota ane simba eMaharaja, India yakaendesa mauto nendege kuSrinagar muna Gumiguru 26 kunyange mudziyo wekugadza usati wasainwa zviri pamutemo.

Nekudaro, iyo State of Jammu neKashmir yaizove chikamu chePakistan nekuda kwe75% yevagari vayo mamirioni mana vaive maMuslim yakapindirwa nemauto eIndia mukutyora kuri pachena kwemitemo yenyika. Zvakanga zvisiri pamutemo mumashoko akajeka uye akapfava sezvo Maharaja aitiza akanga asina kusaina mudziyo wekupinda pamberi pekuyambuka muganhu weNyika nemauto eIndia. Wezvenhau Andrew Roberts, mune yake yekare Eminent Churchillians akanyora, "mauto eIndia akanga atamira muKashmir vanhu vedzinza vasati vayambuka muganhu." Sekureva kwaStanley Wolpert, "chombo chekutora chakasainwa neMaharaja mushure mekugarwa kweSrinagar Airfield ne1 Sikh Regiment." Alaister Lamb anonyorawo mu "Kashmir, Nhaka Yakapokana" kuti "sezvo Maharaja anga achimhanya akananga kuJammu, parwendo rwemakiromita mazana matatu nemakumi mashanu, hapana nzira yaangadai akasaina mudziyo wekupinda muna Gumiguru 350 sezvakataurwa nemaIndia. .”

MaIndia akaedza kunyoresa zviri pamutemo basa iri musi wa5 Nyamavhuvhu 2019 nekutora Nyika mushure mekubvisa Zvinyorwa 370 uye 35-A. Kashmir anoramba ari muhusungwa mushure memakore maviri ekutorwa zvisiri pamutemo neIndia. Mumakore maviri apfuura maIndia agara achipindira mukuzivikanwa kwezvematongerwo enyika kuburikidza nekuwedzerwa zvisiri pamutemo kwemitemo yeIndia kunyika inogarwa zvisiri pamutemo. MaIndia ari kuyedza kutevedzera muenzaniso weIsrael wekupindira nharaunda yePalestine, kuburikidza nekugara zvisiri pamutemo. Vamwe vevatungamiriri vakatsiga vakaita saFarooq Abdullah, Mehbuba Mufti naMuzaffar Hussain Beg, avo vakambotukwa nemapato anopikisa eKashmiri semaIndia toadies, vakaungana pasi peGopkar Declaration amburera kuti vapikisa kutorwa kweHurumende neIndia. Vatungamiri ava vakawana kupfupika kubva kuhutungamiriri hweIndia, vachibvisa kunyange chikamu chinonyunyuta chinogara chichida kuita chibvumirano kuIndia.

          Kukanzurwa kweZvinyorwa 370 uye 35-A kwaive kuzadzikiswa kwechitsidzo chesarudzo chehurumende inotungamirwa neModi yeBJP yekudzima zviratidzo zvese zvehuwandu kubva mumagariro eIndia. Chero bedzi dzidziso iyi yakashata yaingove kuIndia, nzvimbo dzaipokana dzakaita seJammu neKashmir dzaigona kutarisira kururamisira rimwe zuva. Kuwedzerwa kwakabhadhara kune tariro yakadaro. Iyo Jammu neKashmir Reorganization Act 2019 pamwe neJammu neKashmir Reorganization Order yakashandura tsananguro ye "mugari wechigarire", izvo zvino zvinoita kuti India igadzirise maIndia asiri eKashmiri mudunhu. Mutemo uyu wakagadziridzawo 'Iyo Jammu neKashmir Civil Services Act kuitira kuti vakuru veIndia vatore nzvimbo dzeKashmiris.

Kutorwa kweIndia kweKashmir kunopesana neUN Resolutions 39, 47 uye kunyange 91 (1951). Sekureva kwekupedzisira, Constituent Assembly yeNyika yeJammu neKashmir yakazivisa kuti Nyika sechikamu cheIndia haina kupihwa simba repamutemo kuita chiziviso chakadaro sezvo yaisave nebumbiro remutemo rekuvhara zvisungo zveUN zvinodaidzira kuti hurumende iite chirevo. . Pamutemo, mubumbiro uye nehunhu, Kashmir inoramba iri pasi pekugara zvisiri pamutemo uye kuedza kweIndia kwekuchinja kwevanhu kushandura maKashmiris kuva vashoma kunoratidza kutyorwa kwakanyanya kwemutemo wepasirese neuto rinotora. 3.8 miriyoni "vasiri vekugara" vanhu vakagariswa mudunhu kubva 2019 uye kubva kune avo 1.2 miriyoni vakawedzerwa mugwaro revavhoti pamwe nekugadzirisa matunhu esarudzo.

Gwaro reGenocide Watch, iro rinoona nezvekupondwa kwemarudzi kuGeneva, rakadoma matanho gumi ekupondwa kwevanhu, kureva, kuisa mumapoka, kufananidzira, rusarura, kusarura vanhu, kuronga, kugadzirira, kutambudzwa, kuparadzwa uye kurambwa. Imwe neimwe yematanho ari pamusoro inogona kutevera kufambira mberi kwemutsara kana kuitika panguva imwe chete. Munyaya yeKashmir, iyo Genocide Watch yakaratidza Nyika ichipinda munhanho yechisere yakatarisa kuparadzwa kumeso. Ichi ichokwadi chinotyisa chinofanira kukanganisa hana dzepasirese zvisinei nekusimbaradza kweIndia mune zvematongerwo enyika nemakambani mumatunhu epasi rose. Kubva Nyamavhuvhu 2019, pakaitika kutorwa zvisiri pamutemo, Nyika yakarasikirwa nehupfumi inopfuura US$5.3 bhiriyoni nekuda kwenguva yekudzoka kumba, kuvharirwa kwenhaurirano uye kukanganisa kwehutsinye kwevanhu. Kubva Nyamavhuvhu 2019 vanopfuura 15000 vanhu vakasungwa pamwe nekuuraya mazana matatu nemakumi mapfumbamwe. Sekureva kwe "Legal Forum yeManzwi Akadzvinyirirwa eKashmir," vanhu mazana mana nemakumi manomwe nevaviri vakaurayiwa nekuda kwemhirizhonga muna 390 chete.

Sezvo Kashmir ichitambura kufora kusingachinjiki kwekugara kweIndia zvisiri pamutemo, kwakatanga kuburikidza nechinhu chisinga fungidzike chekugadzwa muna Gumiguru 26, 1947, taxonomy yemhirizhonga inoratidza kuwedzera kwenhanho dzematanho senge mhosva dzevanhu, mhosva dzehondo uye kuuraya rudzi. Kana zviri pamusoro apa zvinokwezva ICC kutsoropodzwa kana kuziva kweUN pasi peChitsauko 7 kungave muedzo wekuda uye kusimba kwehana yemunhu.

Munyori ndiye Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weIslamabad Policy Research Institute. Anogona kusvikwa pa [email inodzivirirwa])

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