RUSSIA: Patriarch Kirill anofanirwa kumhan'arirwa neICC, maererano neshumo yeNGO

Mupiro weHRWF kuferefetwa kweInternational Criminal Court pamusoro pemhosva inogona kuitika yePrimate yeRussian Orthodox Church yekubatsira nekubatsira kuendeswa kwemhosva dzehondo uye mhosva dzinopesana nevanhu.

NaWilly Fautré, mutungamiriri weHuman Rights Without Frontiers, naPatricia Duval, gweta

HRWF (21.04.2022) - https://bit.ly/386J8V4 - Human Rights Without Frontiers, NGO iri muBrussels, inokwidza kuMuchuchisi weInternational Criminal Court, Karim AA Khan QC, kuti azvidavirire uye amhan'are. Vladimir Mikhailovich Goundiaïev  anozivikanwa saPatriarch Kirill weMoscow neAll Russia,

nokuda kwekukurudzira, kukurudzira, kururamisa, kubatsira uye kubatsira mhosva dzehondo (Art. 8 yeRome Statute) uye mhosva dzevanhu (Art. 7) dzakaitwa uye dzakaitwa nemauto eRussia muUkraine.

The International Criminal Court (ICC) parizvino iri mushishi kunyora nekupa humbowo mhosva dzehondo uye mhosva dzakaitirwa vanhu muUkraine, uye kuzivisa vakapara mhosva kuti vazvidavirire pamhosva dzataurwa.

Kupomerwa kwaPatriarch Kirill kunowira mukati meChinyorwa 25 cheRome Statute - Individual mhosva - iyo inopa:

3. Maererano neMutemo uyu, munhu achange aine mhosva uye anofanirwa kurangwa pamhosva iri musimba reDare kana munhu iyeye:

(...)

(c) Nechinangwa chekufambisa kuitwa kwemhosva yakadai, aids, anobatsira kana zvimwe zvinobatsira mukomisheni yaro kana kuyedza kutumwa, kusanganisira kupa nzira dzekuita basa rayo;

Musi wa7 Kubvumbi 2002, Paramende yeEurope yakatambira a Resolution nezve "kudzvinyirira kuri kuwedzera muRussia, kusanganisira nyaya yaAlexei Navalny," umo yakashora basa raPatriarch Kirill weMoscow muhondo yeRussia neUkraine.

“Anoshora basa raPatriarch Kirill weMoscow, mukuru weChechi yeOrthodox yokuRussia, mukugovera chifukidziro choumwari nokuda kwedenho dzeRussia mukurwisana neUkraine; inorumbidza ushingi hwevaprista 300 veChechi yeOrthodox yeRussia vakasaina tsamba yaishora utsinye hwacho ndokuratidza kurwadziwa kwavo pamusoro penhamo yavanhu vokuUkraine, vachikumbira kuti hondo ipere.”[I]

INI – PATRIARCH KIRILL AKABATSIRA SEI, ABET KANA KUBATSIRA MUKOMISHINI YEMHOSVA DZINOTAURWA?

Musi wa24 Kukadzi 2022, Mutungamiri Putin weRussian Federation akaraira mauto ayo kuti ayambuke kuchamhembe, kumabvazuva uye kumaodzanyemba miganhu yeUkraine, nyika yakazvimirira, zvinopesana nezvido zvevanhu vayo nehurumende.

Takaunganidza akati wandei zvirevo zveruzhinji zvakaitwa naPatriarch Kirill pamberi uye panguva yeRussia "special operation" muUkraine, iyo yaakatsigira kurwisa kweUkraine uye mhosva dzehondo dzakazotevera uye mhosva dzakapokana nevanhu.

Musi wa23 Kukadzi 2022, rimwe zuva pamberi pekupinda kweUkraine, Patriarch Kirill weMoscow neRussia Yese makorokoto Mutungamiri weRussia Vladimir Putin paDefender of the Fatherland Day, maererano neshoko rakaburitswa pawebhusaiti yeRussian Orthodox Church:

"Ndinokukorokotedzai noushamwari paDefender of the Fatherland Day ... Ndinokushuvirai hutano hwakanaka, rugare rwepfungwa uye rubatsiro rwakawanda kubva kuna Ishe mubasa renyu repamusoro uye rine mutoro kuvanhu veRussia."

"Chechi yeOrthodox yeRussia yagara ichitsvaga zvakakosha mupiro kudzidzo yokudisa nyika yevokunyika, iyo inoona mubasa rechiuto kuratidzirwa kunoshingaira kworudo rweevhangeri nokuda kwavavakidzani., muenzaniso wokuvimbika kutsika dzakakwirira dzechokwadi nezvakanaka.”[Ii]

Musi wa27 Kukadzi 2022, mushure mekupinda kweUkraine kwakatanga, panguva yemharidzo[Iii] akaunzwa paKathedral yaKristu Muponesi muMoscow, Patriarch akaropafadza varwi veRussia vachirwira Nyika yeRussia neRussia Tsvene muUkraine:

“Jehovha ngaakuchengete nyika yeRussia… Nyika iyo ikozvino inosanganisira Russia neUkraine neBelarus nemamwe marudzi nevanhu.”

Patriarch akatsoropodza avo vanorwisa kubatana kweRussia neUkraine, vachivavarira se "masimba akaipa".

Akanamata Mwari kuti vavengi veRussia Tsvene vakundwe:

"Mwari ngaarambidze kuti mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika aripo muUkraine yehama iri padyo nesu anofanirwa kuve nechinangwa chekugadzira masimba akaipa agara achirwisana nekubatana kweRussia neChechi yeRussia, ukunde,” akadaro.

Nekudaidzira vadziviriri veUkraine se "masimba ehuipi", Patriarch Kirill akapa chikomborero chake uye kururamisa kwechokwadi kwe "kushanda kwakakosha" kwaPutin muUkraine nekupondwa kwakatevera.

Mukukakavadzana kwaPatriarch Kirill, chikonzero nei maUkraine achifanirwa kutorwa semasimba ehuipi ndechekuti ivo vanonzi vanotsigira decadent mores inotengeswa kubva kuMadokero.

Musi wa 6 Kurume 2022, akapa homily paRuregerero Svondo[Iv] kwaakataura nezvekushanda kwemauto eRussia muUkraine nenzira inotevera:

Kwemakore masere pane kuedza kuparadza zviripo muDonbass. Uye muDonbass mune kurambwa, kurambwa kwakakosha kwezvinonzi tsika dzinopihwa nhasi neavo vanoti simba renyika. Nhasi kune muedzo wakadaro wekuvimbika kwehurumende iyi, rudzi rwekupfuura kune iyo "inofara" nyika, nyika yekunyanyisa kushandiswa, nyika ye "rusununguko" runooneka. Unoziva here kuti bvunzo iyi chii? Muedzo wacho uri nyore uye panguva imwe chete unotyisa - iyi ndiyo gay parade. Zvinodiwa nevakawanda kuti vaite mutambo wengochani muedzo wokuvimbika kunyika iyoyo ine simba zvikuru; uye tinoziva kuti kana vanhu kana nyika vakaramba izvi zvinodikanwa, saka ivo havapindi munyika iyoyo, vanova vatorwa kwairi.

Akatsanangura zvakare kuti Nyika yeRussia neRussia Tsvene haizomboshiviriri paivhu ravo avo vanoomerera kana kushivirira budiriro yakashata yakadaro:

“Hatipi munhu mhosva, hatikoke munhu kuti akwire pamuchinjiko, tinongozvitaurira kuti: tichave takatendeka kushoko raMwari, tichave takatendeka kumutemo wavo, tive vakatendeka kumutemo werudo. uye kururamisira, uye kana tikaona kutyorwa kwemutemo uyu, hatizomboshiviriri avo vanoparadza murairo uyu, kubatanidza kudzima muganhu pakati poutsvene nechivi, uye zvikuru naavo vanoparadzira chivi,” Babamukuru vakadaro.

Akaenderera mberi achiti: “Zvose zviri pamusoro apa zvinoratidza kuti tapinda muhondo isina muviri, asi zvinoreva metaphysical. "

Patriarch saka anofunga kuti nharaunda yeDonbass nedzimwe nzvimbo dzeUkraine "ndeye" ye "Holy Rus"[V] vanofanira kucheneswa kubva kuvavengi vavo, kureva vatsigiri vetsika dzakaora dzokuMadokero.

Achienderera mberi mumusha wake waKurume 6, Patriarch weRussia Tsvene akadana kurwira "kuponeswa kwevanhu":

“Naizvozvo, zviri kuitika nhasi munharaunda yekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika hazvina kukosha mune zvematongerwo enyika chete. Tiri kutaura nezvechimwe chinhu chakasiyana uye chinonyanya kukosha pane zvematongerwo enyika. Tiri kutaura nezveruponeso rwevanhu, pamusoro pekuti vanhu vachagumira kupi, kudivi ripi raMwari Muponesi, uyo anouya munyika soMutongi noMusiki, kurudyi kana kuti kuruboshwe.”

Kunyanya, vanhu veDonbass vanga vachirwira kuchengetedza kutenda kwavo:

“Nhasi, hama dzedu dzomuDonbass, vanhu veOrthodox, pasina mubvunzo, dziri kutambura, uye hatigoni kunze kwokuva nadzo, chokutanga mumunyengetero. Zvakafanira kunamata kuti Ishe avabatsire kuchengetedza kutenda kweOrthodox, kusakundwa nemiedzo nemiedzo. "

Zvese mune zvese, Patriarch Kirill akatsigira Putin kuchenesa "kushanda" muUkraine nekuienzanisa kune kucheneswa kwemweya kweUkraine, basa rekuchenesa chitendero uye hondo yechitendero.

Kushamwaridzana pakati peRussian Orthodox Church (ROC) neKremlin zvisinei haisi yenyama chete, sezvo ingori mazana mashoma emamita kubva kune mumwe, asi zvakare ndeyezvematongerwo enyika, geopolitical uye zvemweya.

Muchinyorwa chakareba chakanzi "Mutemo, Kodzero neMitemo," uye chakaburitswa muThe Diplomat Magazine musi waChikunguru 4, 2021, Sergey Lavrov, Gurukota rezvekunze reRussia, akashoropodza "ane hasha LGBT propaganda" ne "yakavhenekerwa Europe" , kupindira kweU.S munhau dzechechi, “ichitsvaka pachena kupinza nyongano munyika yeOrthodox, ine tsika dzinorangarirwa semhinganidzo ine simba yomudzimu yepfungwa yakasununguka yokuregeredza kusina muganhu”.[vi]

Kazhinji, Patriarch Kirill vakaratidza Mutungamiri Putin semumiriri wega wechiKristu pasi rose uye kunyangwe semuponesi wemaKristu muSyria mushure mekunge atumira mauto ake kuti aponese Bashar al-Assad nehutongi hwake.[vii]

II – ZVAKAITIKA

Nyika yeRussia: Kudyidzana pakati peMutungamiri Putin neROC 

Kuwirirana pakati peChechi yeOrthodox yeRussia (ROC) neHurumende yeRussia kwakatanga mukutanga kwema1990, pamadota eCommunism mushure memakore makumi manomwe emutemo wekurwisa vafundisi. Muna 1989, panguva Gorbatchev Perestroika, Vladimir Mikhaïlovitch Goundiaïev, zita rake rehurumende asati ava Patriarch Kirill, akagadzwa Mutungamiriri weDhipatimendi reKunze Ecclesiastical Relations yeMoscow Patriarchate.

Akaita basa iri kwemakore makumi maviri uye akakwanisa kuita chirongwa chake chekudzorera kubwinya kwekare kweChechi kuburikidza nekuwedzera simba rayo kwete chete munharaunda yeRussia uye zvematongerwo enyika, asiwo mune zvepasi rose.

Akazovaka network yepesvedzero iyo yakakwezva kutarisisa kwaVladimir Putin paakapinda musimba muna 2000. Kuna Putin, nzvimbo yePatriarchate yesimba yakaratidzika seyoga chinhu chakasara cheyaimbova Humambo hweRussia.

Mukuona kwake, Kirill ndiye chete mutambi ane simba munyika kuti akwanise kutaura neRussia World (Russian Mir) iyo yaaizoedza kukunda zvakare mushure mekushandisa zvombo. Imwe mhando yedhiri yakaitwa. Vladimir Putin aizotsigira kudzoreredzwa kwekubwinya kweChechi uye kuvakwa kwezvivakwa zvemakereke zvisingaverengeki uku Kirill achizomupa madhipatimendi ake nerutsigiro rwevanhu vekuRussia.

Muna 2000 Russian National Security Concept, iyo Putin Administration yakatsanangura:

"Simbiso yekuchengetedzwa kwenyika yeRussian Federation inosanganisirawo kuchengetedza nhaka yetsika nekunamata-netsika uye tsika dzekare uye mararamiro ehupenyu hweveruzhinji uye kuchengetedza nhaka yetsika dzevanhu vese veRussia. Panofanira kuva nomutemo wehurumende wokuchengeta garikano yomudzimu netsika zvechiverengero chavagari vapasi, kurambidza kushandiswa kwenguva yemhepo kusimudzira chisimba kana kuti masikirwo akashata, uye kurwisana netapuro yakashata yemasangano orudzidziso nokumwe mamishinari.”[viii]

Pfungwa Yekuchengetedza Kwemweya muchikamu chayo chemukati chaireva kuchengetedzwa kweROC, kunyanya kune vezvitendero zvidiki vachangosvika muRussia uye vanoonekwa sevakwikwidzi kuROC. Muchikamu chayo chekunze, "kuchengetedzwa kwemweya" kwaida kuvakwa kwenzvimbo yebudiriro yepesvedzero - yenzvimbo yetsika (yemweya) yeRussia, Russian mir'.

Muna 2007, Russki Mir Foundation yakavambwa neChirevo chaVladimir Putin we "kubatanidzazve nharaunda yeRussia kunze kwenyika nenyika yavo, vachigadzira hukama hutsva uye hwakasimba kuburikidza netsika nemagariro zvirongwa, kuchinjana uye rubatsiro mukutama". Nheyo dzinoshanda nesimba kunze kwenyika, semuenzaniso kuburikidza ne "Russian Centers", iyo yakagadzirirwa kuparadzira mutauro weRussia uye tsika "sezvinhu zvakakosha zvebudiriro yenyika".[ix]

Muna Mbudzi 2007, Gurukota rezvekune dzimwe nyika Lavrov akapa zvimwe zvinhu achifunga nezvekushandira pamwe kweBazi Rezvekune dzimwe nyika (MFA) neChechi pamusangano wevatori venhau wakaitwa mushure memusangano wechigumi weBato Rekushanda paMFA-Russian Orthodox Church Interaction. Sekureva kwaLavrov, "tsika dzeOrthodox dzakaumba hwaro hwetsika yeRussia uye nyika yeRussia" uye "Chechi inobata mukuita mabasa akafanana neanoita diplomacy".[x]

Muna 2009, iyo Russki Mir hwaro uye ROC vakasaina chibvumirano chekushandira pamwe chine chinangwa che "kusimbisa kubatana kwemweya kweNyika yeRussia". Pamusangano wechitatu we2009 weRusski Mir foundation, Patriarch akatsanangura musimboti we Mutsvene Rus (Holy Russia) seRussia, Ukraine neBelarus. Patriarch Kirill akawedzera kuti ROC inoonawo Moldova sechikamu cheNyika yeRussia.[xi]

Pamabiko eIsita yeOrthodox muMoscow musi wa18 Kubvumbi 2017, Gurukota rezvekune dzimwe nyika Sergey Lavrov akadzokorora kuti "Russian diplomacy inogara ichiwana rutsigiro rweRussian Orthodox Church. Tinotenda zvikuru mupiro weROC mukusimbisa masimba enyika, kugadzira mufananidzo usina rusaruro wenyika yedu, kubatanidza nyika yeRussia, uye kusimudzira mutauro netsika dzechiRussia.”

Sekureva kweUkraine Crisis Media Center "Masangano aya [nzvimbo dzeRussia muUkraine] anobatanidzwa mukusimudzirwa kwenhoroondo uye dunhu rekudzokorora, nhoroondo dzeRussia disinformation uye ruvengo kune nyika yeUkraine, nharaunda yepolarizing uye, sekureva kweSecurity Service yeUkraine, kazhinji kushanda sefaçade yezviitiko zvebasa rehungwaru. "[xii]

Danidzira Kuwedzera Kwemweya uye Kubviswa kwe "Masimba Ezvakaipa"

Muna 2009, mushure mekupinda kweGeorgia muna 2008 uye kusati kwatorwa kweCrimea muna 2014, Patriarch Kirill akasimbisa mune imwe yehurukuro dzake kuti sei. kubatana pamweya kunokosha kupfuura miganhu yenyika.[xiii]

Kuwedzera pamweya uye kurumbidza Russia seRoma yechitatu uye mugari wenhaka ye "Byzantium yakadonha hukuru hweOrthodox" zvakagara zvichisimudzirwa nevese Kremlin neROC.[xiv]

Pamitsetse yakafanana, Patriarch Kirill weMoscow neAll Russia yakazivisa makore matatu apfuura, pa31 Ndira 2019:

"Ukraine haisi padivi peChechi yedu. Tinodaidza Kyiv Amai vemaguta ese eRussia. Kyiv ndiro Jerusarema redu. Russian Orthodoxy yakatanga ipapo. Hazvigoneki kuti isu tisiye hukama hwenhoroondo uye hwemweya uhu”.[xv]

Nemhuri dzakasimudzirwa zvakanyanya muRussia, Patriarch Kirill akaisa hwaro hwemweya hunoruramisa hutsinye hweUkraine uye akakomborera avo vese vaizoita basa rinoyera iri, uye mhosva dzehondo uye mhosva dzakapokana nevanhu.

III – mhedziso

Zvose zviri pamusoro zvinoratidza kuti Patriarch Kirill weMoscow uye All Russia akakurudzira, akakurudzira, akaruramisa, akabatsira uye akatsigira mhosva dzehondo (Art. 8) uye mhosva dzevanhu (Art. 7) dzakaitwa nemauto eRussia muUkraine.

Muchisarudzo chayo Bemba et al. ye19 Gumiguru 2016, International Criminal Court yakawana:

89. Nezvepfungwa ye'abet', Oxford Duramazwi rinozvitsanangura se'kukurudzira kana kubatsira (mumwe munhu) kuita chimwe chinhu chakaipa, kunyanya kupara mhosva'. Mukunzwisisa kweChamber, pfungwa ye'abet' inotsanangura rubatsiro rwetsika kana rwepfungwa rwemubatsiri kune mukuru wemhosva, zvichitora nzira yekukurudzira kana kunzwira tsitsi pakuitwa kwemhosva. Kurudziro kana tsigiro inoratidzwa haidi kuti ibude pachena. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kunyangwe chiitiko chekuvepo panzvimbo yemhosva (kana munharaunda yacho) se'muoni akanyarara' inogona kutorwa sekubvumidza chinyararire kana kukurudzira mhosva.[xvi]

Kodzero dzevanhu pasina maganhu inogamuchira kuvhurwa kwekuferefeta pamusoro pemhosva dzingangoitwa muUkraine pasi peRome Statute.

Isu tinotambira kuferefetwa kwekuona vapari vemhosva, kusanganisira pamwe kukwira cheni yekuraira kuMutungamiri Vladimir Putin.

Tinokumbira nemoyo wese kumuchuchisi kuti zvinhu zviri pamusoro zvibatanidzwe mukuferefeta kuitira kuti pave nemhosva inobvira yaPatriarch Kirill yekubatsira nekudzivirira vapari vemhosva.

Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo uye kubvunzurudzwa, ndapota taura naPatricia Duval, gweta: [email inodzivirirwa]

Mashoko Omuzasi

Ndokumbira utarise kuti mamwe mawebhusaiti epamutemo eRussia akavharwa nevakuru veRussia nekuda kwe "special operation muUkraine" uye anogona kunge asiri kuwanikwa zvakare.

[1] Resolution ye7 Kubvumbi 2022 nezve kuwedzera kudzvinyirira muRussia, kusanganisira nyaya yaAlexei Navalny: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0125_EN.html

2 Mharidzo yakaburitswa pawebhusaiti yeRussian Orthodox Church: http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5900861.html

3 Munoona http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=16449 uye http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5904390.html

4 Munoona http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5906442.html

5 Ona pasi peKumashure pazasi kuti uwane zvinoreva pfungwa iyi, p.8.

6 https://diplomatmagazine.eu/2021/07/04/the-law-the-rights-and-the-rules/

7 "Mutungamiriri weRussia Anoti Hondo Yehugandanga 'Hondo Tsvene Yevose'", pravoslavie.ru 19.10.2016.

8 "2000 Russian National Security Concept," inowanikwa pa:

http://www.russiaeurope.mid.ru/russiastrat2000.html

9 Ruzivo Portal yeRusski Mir Foundation, 2017.http://russkiymir.ru/rucenter/.

1⁰ Kuvhura Matauriro neGurukota reKune dzimwe nyika Sergey Lavrov paMusangano Wenhau Mushure meGumi

Musangano weBoka Rinoshanda paMFA-Russian Orthodox Church Interaction, Moscow,

20.11.2007: http://www.mid.ru/en/vistupleniya_ministra/-/asset_publisher/MCZ7HQuMdqBY/content/id/356698

1¹ Mharidzo yaPatriarch Kirill pamhemberero yekuvhura yeTatu Assembly yeRussian World, Internet Journal yeRussian Orthodox Church 3.11.2009.

http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/print/928446.html.

1² https://uacrisis.org/en/russkiy-mir-as-the-kremlin-s-quasi-ideology, Оригінал статті – на сайті Українського кризового медіа-центру: https://uacrisis.org/en/russkiy-mir-as-the-kremlin-s-quasi-ideology.

1³“Kunamata sechinhu chezvematongerwo enyika”, Finnish Institute of International Affairs, p.10

https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp98_russia.pdf.

1⁴ "Putin uye mumongi", Financial Times, 25 January 2013. https://www.ft.com/content/f2fcba3e-65be-11e2-a3db-00144feab49a.

1⁵ https://fr.aleteia.org/2022/03/03/vladimir-poutine-a-la-reconquete-de-leglise-autocephale-ukrainienne/

1⁶ Bemba et al., Mutongo Wekutongwa, ndima 89.

[I] Resolution ya7 Kubvumbi 2022 nezve kuwedzera kudzvinyirira muRussia, kusanganisira nyaya yaAlexei Navalny: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2022-0125_EN.html

[Ii] Mharidzo yakaburitswa pawebhusaiti yeRussian Orthodox Church: http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5900861.html

[Iii] ona http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=16449 uye http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5904390.html

[Iv] ona http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/text/5906442.html

[V] Ona pasi peKumashure pazasi kuti uwane zvinoreva pfungwa iyi, p.8.

[vi] https://diplomatmagazine.eu/2021/07/04/the-law-the-rights-and-the-rules/

[vii] "Mutungamiriri weRussia Anoti Hondo Yehugandanga 'Hondo Tsvene Yevose'", pravoslavie.ru 19.10.2016.

[viii] "2000 Russian National Security Concept," inowanikwa pa:

http://www.russiaeurope.mid.ru/russiastrat2000.html

[ix] Ruzivo Portal yeRusski Mir Foundation, 2017.http://russkiymir.ru/rucenter/.

[x] Kuvhura Matauriro neGurukota reKune dzimwe nyika Sergey Lavrov paMusangano Wenhau Mushure meGumi

Musangano weBoka Rinoshanda paMFA-Russian Orthodox Church Interaction, Moscow,

20.11.2007: http://www.mid.ru/en/vistupleniya_ministra/-/asset_publisher/MCZ7HQuMdqBY/content/id/356698

[xi] Mharidzo yaPatriarch Kirill pamhemberero yekuvhura yeTatu Assembly yeRussian World, Internet Journal yeRussian Orthodox Church 3.11.2009.

http://www.patriarchia.ru/db/print/928446.html.

[xii] https://uacrisis.org/en/russkiy-mir-as-the-kremlin-s-quasi-ideology, Оригінал статті – на сайті Українського кризового медіа-центру: https://uacrisis.org/en/russkiy-mir-as-the-kremlin-s-quasi-ideology.

[xiii] “Kunamata sechinhu chezvematongerwo enyika”, Finnish Institute of International Affairs, p.10

https://www.fiia.fi/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp98_russia.pdf.

[xiv] "Putin uye mumongi", Financial Times, 25 January 2013. https://www.ft.com/content/f2fcba3e-65be-11e2-a3db-00144feab49a.

[xv] https://fr.aleteia.org/2022/03/03/vladimir-poutine-a-la-reconquete-de-leglise-autocephale-ukrainienne/

[xvi] Bemba et al., Mutongo Wekutongwa, ndima 89.

Mufananidzo: © 2018 Marina Riera/Human Rights Watch

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