Kubva kuSilk Road kuenda kuBelt uye Road: Iyo China-Kazakhstan muenzaniso wekudyidzana

Iyo 25th Anniversary SCO Summit: Musangano weSCO wemakore makumi maviri neshanu wakatanga musi wa25 Nyamavhuvhu, muguta reChina reTianjin. Kazakhstan uye SCO vane hukama hwakasimba.

Kassym-Jomart K. Tokayev (kufananidzwa) vakasvika kuChina kuti vatore chikamu mumusangano uyu. Kazakhstan haingori nyika yakavakidzana neChina chete asiwo mubatsiri akakosha mukudyidzana kwedunhu pakati penyika dzeCentral Asia. Kazakhstan inoita basa rakakosha muCentral Asia uye inotora nzvimbo yakakosha mukusimudzira kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi. Inotevera mutemo wekunze wemultivector uye inotora chikamu mumasangano epasi rose akadai seUnited Nations (UN), International Monetary Fund, World Bank, Commonwealth of Independent States, uye Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), sezvakataurwa naChoi, D. et al. (2019). China inokoshesa zvakanyanya kuKazakhstan mune zvakawanda.

Mazuva mashoma apfuura, Mutungamiriri weKazakh Tokayev akanyora chinyorwa chine musoro "Yakasimba Kazakh-Sino Inosunga Kiyi yeKushandirapamwe Kunobudirira," iyo yakabudiswa na China Daily, rimwe remapepanhau ane mukurumbira muChina, sezvakatsanangurwa munyaya yakanyorwa naBotagoz Unbayeva yakabudiswa na. EURflect.

Muchinyorwa ichi, Mutungamiri Tokayev akasimbisa kuti China neKazakhstan dzinochengetedza hukama hwehushamwari hwenguva refu, uye kuti hushamwari uhwu hwakashanduka hukava mubatanidzwa nehukama hwakasimba uye muenzaniso wekudyidzana kwakanaka.

Sezvakataurwa neMutungamiri Tokayev, imwe yehukama hwakasimba pakati peChina neKazakhstan inobva pakuti nyika mbiri idzi dzakavakidzana dzinogovana makiromita 1,700 emuganhu une runyararo uye hushamwari. Hukama huri pakati peKazakhstan neChina hunoonekwa pamatanho akati wandei, kunyanya kuburikidza nekushanya kwepamusoro-soro uye nhaurirano dzezvematongerwo enyika.

Nhoroondo yekubatana

China neKazakhstan dzakatanga zviri pamutemo hukama hwezvekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika muna Ndira 1992. Dzakavandudza hukama hwenyika mbiri idzi kuti dzive kudyidzana kwakanaka muna Chikunguru 2005, zvakare muna Chikumi 2011, uye vakasaina chibvumirano. "Mubatanidzwa Wekuwedzera Kudzamisa Yakakwana Strategic Partnership" munaSeptember 2013.

Muna 2017, huwandu hwekutengeserana pakati peChina neKazakhstan hwakasvika USD 18 bhiriyoni, gore negore kukura kwe37.4%, maererano naLiu, X., Chen, Y., & Wang, X. (2020). Kubva munaGunyana 2019, hukama hweChina-Kazakhstan hwakasimudzwa kusvika pa zvachose nzwisisika Strategic kudyidzana.

Semuenzaniso, muna Kurume 2019, Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri wekutanga uye Gurukota reMari yeKazakhstan Alikhan Smailov akashanyira China uye, pamwe neMutevedzeri weMutungamiriri, Han Zheng, vakatungamira musangano wechipfumbamwe weChina-Kazakhstan Cooperation Committee. Bilateral trade turnover pakati peChina neKazakhstan yakawedzera kubva paUSD 28.59 bhiriyoni muna 2013 kusvika paUS$41 bhiriyoni muna 2023, nehuwandu hwekutengeserana hunoramba huchiwedzera (Kutonga kweCustoms yePRC), sekureva kwaDu, B. et al. (2024).

Kudyidzana mune zveupfumi

Nezvehupfumi, nyika mbiri idzi dziri kuita hunyanzvi hwekuita docking, kuyedza kuvandudza chimiro chekutengeserana, kuwedzera mari nekubatana kwemari, uye tap transit mukana (Yermekbayev et al., 2022). Vese China neKazakhstan vari kukurumidza kukura kwehupfumi uye vane mukana wakakura webudiriro.

Sezvo Yermekbayev et al. (2022) cherekedza, mukana weKazakhstan uri pachena mukushandira pamwe neChina uri pabasa rayo senzvimbo yekutaurirana pakati peChina nenyika dzekuMadokero, kumisikidza zvifambiso uye zvekutakura zvinhu senzira huru yekutengeserana nedzimwe nyika.

Muna 2024, kutengeserana kwenyika mbiri pakati peChina neKazakhstan kwakasvika padanho repamusoro reUSD 44 bhiriyoni, zvichisimbisa chimiro cheChina semutengesi mukuru weKazakhstan wekutengesa nehupfumi. Nzvimbo dzepamusoro dzekutengesa kunze kweKazakhstan dzinoti: PRC (USD 5.53B), Russia (USD 4.66B), Netherlands (USD 3.55B), France (USD 3.01B), uye Italy (USD 2.93B).

Panyaya iyi, Tokayev akanyora kuti:

"Kubva 2005, mabhizinesi eChinese akaisa mari inodarika mabhiriyoni makumi maviri nemanomwe emadhora muKazakhstan, nemakambani anoda kusvika zviuru zvitanhatu ari kushanda munyika yedu nhasi - achiita basa rakakosha mukusimudzira tekinoroji nekuvandudza maindasitiri."

Kudyara kweChina muKazakhstan kunonyanya kutariswa mukutsvagisa oiri uye kudhirowa, zviteshi zvegasi, networking, uye kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvekurima (Duan, Y., 2021).

Mutungamiri Tokayev akasimbisawo kuti mafambiro eKazakhstan neChina akabatana kwemazana emakore, sezvo ese ari maviri akabatanidzwa neSilk Road yekare, yavari kushanda pamwe chete kuti vamutsiridze. Chokwadi, the Bhanhire uye Road Initiative, ivo Trans-Caspian International Transport Route (Middle Corridor), haingounze China neKazakhstan padyo chete asi zvakare inosimudzira basa reKazakhstan seEurasian transit hub.

Yermekbayev et al. (2022) anoti:

"Zvakakosha kuziva kuti hukama hwenyika mbiri hwakakura kubva pakutengeserana kuyambuka muXinjiang kuenda kumubatanidzwa we'One Belt, One Road,' iyo yakabatsira China neKazakhstan."

Kudyidzana kweChinese-Kazakh nhasi kunobata zvakasiyana siyana sezvematongerwo enyika, hupfumi, chengetedzo, tsika, uye hukama hwenyika.

Uyezve, China ine musika wakakura unodiwa weKazakhstan's mineral deposits, kunyanya mafuta uye gasi rechisikigo. Mafuta eKazakhstan uye zviwanikwa zvesimba zvakakosha kumusika wevatengi weChina wevanhu vanopfuura bhiriyoni imwe (Yermekbayev et al., 2022). Kazakhstan iri pakati pevagadziri vakuru vepasi rose vezviwanikwa, iine mabhiriyoni makumi matatu emadhiramu emafuta asina kuchena uye 30 matiriyoni cubic metres ematura egasi chaiwo. Muna 2.7, China yakaunza 2023 miriyoni matani emafuta asina kuchena kubva kuKazakhstan. Gore rimwe chetero, Kazakhstan yakatumira kunze 6.41 bhiriyoni m³ egasi rechisikigo rinokosha USD 5.8 bhiriyoni kuChina (Bureau of National Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 1.43).

Kushandira pamwe mukutakura

Kazakhstan neChina vari kuvandudza zvifambiso zvekufambisa uye kuwedzera kugona kwekufambisa uye zvinhu. Mamwe mapurojekiti eKazakh ari kuitwa kuburikidza neSilk Road redunhu chirongwa, pamwe neKazakhstan "Nurly Zhol" chirongwa - chirongwa cheUSD 9 bhiriyoni chekusimudzira mudzimba (2014-2019) chakanangana nekuvandudza migwagwa, njanji, zviteshi, IT zvivakwa, dzidzo, uye masevhisi eruzhinji (Svetlana, G., 2020).

Mutungamiri Tokayev akati:

"Muna 2024, kutangwa kweimwe njanji yeDostyk-Moyynty kuchawedzera huwandu hwekufambisa kweKazakhstan mukorido yeChina-Europe zvakapetwa kashanu."

Kazakhstan yave geographical "link" inobatanidza CIS kuchamhembe, China kumabvazuva, uye Indian Ocean kumaodzanyemba (Yermekbayev et al., 2022).

Tokayev akawedzera kuti:

"Kushanda pamwe kwemugungwa kwakakosha zvakaenzana. Kupedzwa kwenzvimbo yekuchengetera makontina pachiteshi chengarava cheKazakhstan cheAktau, nekudyidzana nechiteshi chengarava cheLianyungang chekuChina, kwagadzira boka rengarava rinoshanda kuCentral Asia nedunhu reCaspian, richipa huwandu hwakazara hwemasevhisi."

Nekuwedzera kubatana neKazakhstan, iyo Silk Road Economic Belt inogona kuwedzera kubatana neEurasian Economic Union, kukurudzira kuvakwa kweChina-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor, uye Second Eurasian Land Bridge.

Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)

Kazakhstan yakaita basa rakakosha muSCO kubva payakavambwa. Senhengo inovamba, maonero ayo anopa ruzivo rwakakosha mukukura kwesangano, shanduko, uye maitirwo emubatanidzwa wedunhu neregional (The Europe Today). Aimbove Mutungamiriri Nursultan Nazarbayev akapinda zvakananga mukutanga nekumisa Sangano.

Kazakhstan inokoshesa zvikuru basa reSCO mukusimbisa kuchengetedzwa kwenyika pamwe nekubatana kwedunhu (Astana Times).

Musi waGunyana 2025, Mutungamiriri weKazakh Tokayev akatora chikamu mumusangano weSCO Council of Heads of State (Kazinform ichidoma Akorda). Akasimbisa kuti SCO yakawana kuzivikanwa sesangano rinoshanda uye rine simba repasi rose.

Tokayev akati:

"Kazakhstan inotsigira zvizere zvibodzwa zveSCO: kurongeka kwenyika dzakawanda, kuchengetedzeka uye kugadzikana, kusapindira mune zvemukati, kucherechedzwa kwebudiriro yehutongi, kutengeserana kwepasi rose, uye kubatana kunobatsira kwekudyara mari."

Zvakakodzera kuyeuka kuti Astana Summit yeSCO muna 2017 yakavhura chitsauko chitsva mukusimudzira kweSangano. Kubva payakasikwa, diplomacy yeKazakh yakasimudzira akawanda ekutanga mazano, mapurojekiti, zvinyorwa, uye zvirongwa mukati mehurongwa hwayo.

Muchinyorwa chavo, Mutungamiri Tokayev akanyorawo:

"Nezvemitemo, Kazakhstan neChina dzinoramba dzakabatikana muShanghai Cooperation Organisation." SCO yave musimboti wekudyidzana kwenyika dzakawanda muEurasia, ichikurudzira kugadzikana, kukura kwehupfumi, uye kuchinjana kwetsika.

Gore rino, China yakabata musangano wekusvitsa makore makumi maviri neshanu weSCO - mukurusa munhoroondo yayo. Gore rakapfuura, musangano wepamusoro wakafanana wakaitika muAstana. Muna Chikunguru 25, Kazakhstan yakabata 2024th SCO summit pasi pedingindira. "Kusimbisa Multilateral Dialogue - Kuvavarira Runyararo Rwakasimba uye Kubudirira." Sechikamu chehusachigaro hwayo hunotenderera, Kazakhstan yakaronga zvinopfuura zviitiko zve140 munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana (Kazinform).

Nguva yenhoroondo yemusangano weAstana yaive yekutanga-musangano musangano "SCO Plus" fomati, nekutora chikamu kweMunyori Mukuru weUN, António Guterres uye akati wandei akakokwa vatungamiriri vematunhu nematunhu (Kazinform).

Mukutaura kwavo, VaGuterres vakarumbidza zvikuru basa reKazakhstan muSCO, UN, uye mukusimudzira runyararo nekugadzikana.

mhedziso

China neKazakhstan vadyidzani venguva refu vane hukama hwehupfumi hwasvika padanho idzva rekudyidzana. The "Bhandi Rimwe, Mugwagwa Mumwe" chirongwa chinogadzira mikana mitsva yekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika mbiri uye yedunhu rose reCentral Asia.

Hukama pakati peChina neKazakhstan hunogona zvechokwadi kunzi hurongwa. Kazakhstan inzira yakakosha yeChina kuenda kunyika dzeCIS, gedhi reChinese Silk Road, uye mukoto mukuru wekutakura unobatanidza Europe. Kazakhstan icharamba ichiita basa repakati muhurongwa hwehupfumi hwePeople's Republic of China.

Kazakhstan neChina zvakare vadyidzani vakakosha mukubatana kwedunhu, kunyanya mukutengeserana kwemafuta negesi. Semumwe wevagadziri vemafuta negasi pasi rose, chikamu chesimba reKazakhstan ibwe repakona rehupfumi hwayo, nepo China ichiramba iri mutengi wesimba ari kukurumidza kukura.

KuKazakhstan, iri pakati peEurasia isina mukana wekupinda mugungwa, zvirongwa zveChina zvekupfuura zvinopa tarisiro mitsva nemikana. Nekuvandudza kugona kwayo kwekufambisa, Kazakhstan ine chinangwa chekubatanidza geoeconomic niche yayo uye kuve zambuko rakakura pakati pemapango ekukura eAsia, Europe, uye Middle East.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Choi, D., Chung, CY, & Young, J. (2019). Kureba kwehupfumi uye kureba kwenzvimbo kwakakosha mukutengeserana kwakasimba here? Humbowo kubva mukutengeserana kwepakati pakati peChina neKazakhstan. kuenderera, 11(21), 6068.

Duan, Y. (2021, Kurume). Kutengeserana pakati peChina neKazakhstan: matambudziko nemikana mumamiriro eBelt uye Road Initiative. In 6th International Musangano paMari Innovation uye Economic Development (ICFIED 2021) (p. 162-166). Atlantis Press.

Du, B., Juman, J., Makulova, AT, Khamzayeva, AV, & Zhai, X. (2024). Ongororo yeKukwikwidza, Kupindirana, uye Kutengeserana Musanganiswa weKazakhstan neChina muKutengeserana kweOiri neGasi. Ehupfumi, 12(7), 182.

Liu, X., Chen, Y., & Wang, X. (2020, Ndira). Tsvagiridzo yeChina-Kazakhstan Trade pasi pe "The Belt and Road Initiative" -Kubva paMaonero eFactor Endowment Theory. In 2019 Musangano Wepasi Pose weKutungamira Sayenzi uye Upfumi hweMaindasitiri (MSIE 2019) (p. 270-274). Atlantis Press.

Yakasimba Kazakh-Sino inosunga kiyi yekubatana kwakabudirira - Maonero - Chinadaily.com.cn

Svetlana, G. (2020). China− Kazakhstan Economic Cooperation uye One Belt One Road Construction. Ongororo yeSainzi, (3 (30)), 42-49.

Kazakhstan uye Shanghai Cooperation Organisation: Maonero eKukura, Evolution, uye Kubatana - Iyo Europe Nhasi

Yermekbayev, A., Sarybayev, M., & Suriguga, C. (2022). China-Kazakhstan hurongwa hwekudyidzana uye kudyidzana kwehupfumi hwenyika mbiri. Nyaya yeCentral Asia Zvidzidzo, 85(1), 18-27.

Kassym-Jomart Tokayev anotaura musangano weSCO Council of Heads of State

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