Kutorerwa pfuma uye kubuda kwemaHindu muBangladesh

Kusaruramisirwa kuripo pakutorwa kwepfuma uye kukundikana kuona kuti Bangladesh iri kudzoserwa mari yayo kwemakore anopfuura makumi mashanu mushure merusununguko, zvinoita kuti kuzvipira kweBangladesh kukodzero dzevanhu uye kuvimbika kwehurongwa hwayo hwedemocracy kuve pachena. Hutungamiri hutsva hunofanira kukoshesa kunetseka kuripo kuti husimbise vimbiso yahwo yekuti Bangladesh ive nemubatanidzwa., anonyora kudaro Dr. Sangeeta Mohanty.

Muna Kukadzi gore rino, Bangladesh yakatora danho re hutungamiri hutsvaTarique Rahman akagadzwa semutungamiri wenyika mushure mekunge bato reBangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) rakunda musarudzo zvine mutsindo.

Kukwira kwaRahman kudenga zvinomutsa tariro apakati penzanga yechiHindu yeBangladesh, iyo yakatarisana nematambudziko asingachinji. kurwisa panguva hurumende yenguva pfupi zvakatanga muna Nyamavhuvhu 2024. Mushure mekunge Awami League, bato rezvematongerwo enyika raionekwa seraive risina hukama nechitendero kupfuura vavengi varo, rarambidzwa kukwikwidza musarudzo dza2026, BNP yakakurumidza kupindira musarudzo.zadza pasisina nechipikirwa chayo chekuchengetedza vanhu vashoma.

Zvisinei, mabatiro akaita bato iri kumapoka evanhu vashoma achiri kukonzera gakava. Muna 1977, bato reBNP muvambi, Ziaur Rahman, ndiye aive nebasa re dzichibvisa izwi rekuti "kusada zvechitendero" kubva muBumbiro reMitemo, uye nhengo dzebato dzave dzichibatanidzwa kakawanda ne mhirizhonga vachipesana neveruzhinji vechiHindu munyika. Kunyangwe hazvo BNP isina mukurumbira wakanaka panyaya dzechitendero uye dziviriro yeveruzhinji, MaHindu akavhota zvakanyanya bato iri ndiro chete sarudzo inoshanda mushure meAwami League.

Kunyange hazvo Tarique Rahman akavimbisa kudzoreredza mutemo nerunyararo uye vimbiso kodzero dzakakodzana Kumapoka ese ezvitendero, kusvika parizvino aramba akanyarara pamusoro penhaka inorwadza yekutorwa kwepfuma kwakanangana nevaHindu zvikuru - kusaruramisira kwekare kuchiri kusagadziriswa. Mutemo wePfuma Yakavigwa — mutemo wekare wakashoropodzwa zvakanyanya serusarura nekuda kwekubvumira kutorwa kwemidziyo yevaHindu — wakataurwa nemapoka ekodzero nevaongorori sechikonzero chikuru chekudzikira kukuru kwehuwandu hwevanhu vechiHindu muBangladesh.

Zvichienderana nekuverengwa kwevanhu kwekutanga muna 1951, kwakaitwa mushure mekuumbwa kwePakistan muna 1947, maHindu muEast Pakistan, anozivikanwawo seEast Bengal (Bangladesh yanhasi), aive ne 22 muzana huwandu hwevanhu. Zvisinei, kuverengwa kwevanhu munyika yeBangladesh muna 2022 kunoratidza kuti huwandu hwevanhu vechiHindu hwadzikira kusvika pasi pehuwandu hwevanhu. 8 muzanaHuwandu hwevaKristu, maBhudha nedzimwe zvitendero zvishoma hahuna kumbodzikira zvakafanana munguva imwe chete.

Achitaura nezvekuderera kwevanhu vechiHindu, nyanzvi yezvehupfumi inozivikanwa yekuBangladesh, Purofesa Abul Barkat, yakapa chirevo chakasimba nyevero muna 2016 vachiti "hapana maHindu achasara muBangladesh mushure memakore makumi matatu".

Ongororo dzaBarkat dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vakawanda vechiHindu vakatama vachibva kunyika dzavo nemamiriyoni 11.3. kutiza kubva kuBangladesh pakati pa1964 na2013. Izvi zvinoreva kuti paavhareji maHindu mazana matanhatu nemakumi matatu nevaviri vanobuda munyika zuva rega rega uye 230,612 gore rega rega. Zvakawanikwa naBarkat zvinoratidza kuti makumi emakore ekutorwa kweminda nehurumende pasi pemutemo we Mutemo weZvivakwa zveVavengi panguva yehutongi hwePakistan uye Mutemo wePfuma Yakavigwa zvakakonzera kuti 60% yevaHindu vekuBangladesh vave isina ivhu.

Zvinofungidzirwa zvinoratidza kuti pakati pa1965 na2006, mamiriyoni 1.2 evaHindu vakarasikirwa nehuwandu hwe 2.6 mamirioni maeka yevhu nezvimwe zvinhu. Muna 2005, Dhipatimendi reHurumende reUS rakaburitsa kuti maeka angangoita mamiriyoni 2.5 evhu akatorwa kubva kumaHindu, uye anenge ese Mamiriyoni gumi evaHindu munyika iyi vakakanganiswa. Muna 2009, Bangladesh Daily Star yakashuma kuti nzanga yechiHindu yakanga yarasikirwa nezvakawanda 45 muzana yeminda yavo.

Panyaya yemari, kurasikirwa kwese kwenyika nezvinhu zvinofambiswa kwakaitwa nemaHindu kwakapfuura mabhiriyoni gumi nemaviri emadhora - anenge 88 muzana yeGDP yeBangladesh muna 2000.

Mutemo uri shure kwekudzingwa kwevaHindu

The Mutemo weZvivakwa neZvisiri zveVagari (Kutonga) ya1974, kana kuti Mutemo wePfuma Yakavigwa yeBangladesh ine nhoroondo yekusarurwa kwemasangano uye kubvuta yenharaunda dzevanhu vashoma munyika, kunyanya maHindu. Vatsoropodzi vakazviti itsika chishandiso chinotyisa yekutorwa kwenyika nenzira yakarongwa uye yekutorera mhuri dzechiHindu misha nezvinhu zvavo.

Mutemo weVested Property Act unobva kumitemo inosarura yakaitwa muPakistan mushure megore ra1947. Chikamu, apo mhirizhonga yemunharaunda yakamanikidza mamiriyoni evaHindu vanobva kuWest neEast Pakistan (zvino yava Bangladesh) kuti vatsvage vapoteri kuIndia.

Gore rakatevera, the Mutemo weKukumbira Pfuma kuEast Bengal (Emergency) Yakapa hurumende simba rekutenga pfuma yezvinangwa zvehurumende. Kunyangwe yakagadzirirwa zvinodiwa nehutungamiriri mudunhu idzva reEast Bengal (East Pakistan), nyanzvi dzekodzero dzevanhu vashoma dzinoti yaishandiswa zvakanyanya pa tora pfuma vari vezvitendero zvidiki, kunyanya maHindu akanga abva kuPakistan.

Mutemo wacho wakazoshanduka kuva Mutemo weVanobviswa muEast Bengal (Kutarisirwa kweZvinhu Zvisingafambi), zvichipa mvumo kuhurumende kuti itore pfuma ye "vanhu vakabviswa," vazhinji vavo vari maHindu vakanga vatizira kuIndia kwenguva pfupi pakati pemhirizhonga yemunharaunda. Midziyo yavo yakanzi "yakasiyiwa" uye yakatorwa pasina muripo.

Mutemo uyu wakagadza Komiti Yekutarisira Zvivakwa Zvevapoteri, uchiibvumira masimba ekutsvaira kudzosa midziyo yakadaro pasina kutarisirwa zvakanyanya, ukuwo matare achirambidza kutongwa kwemhosva dzayo. Nyaya dzakawanda dzakataurwa dzakabuda dzevagari vechiHindu vachiri kugara kuEast Bengal vakazoonekwa se "vanhu vakabviswa" midziyo yavo ichibviswa. zvakatorwa zvisiri pamutemo.

Kutevera 1964 Mhirizhonga yeEast Pakistanhurumende yakaisa mutemo wekuti Mutemo weEast Pakistan weKugadziriswa kweVanhu Vane DambudzikoKunyange zvazvo chinangwa chayo chaive chekubatsira avo vakakanganiswa, yakarambidza maHindu kubva kuEast Bengal kutengesa kana kutamisa pfuma vasina mvumo yepamutemo. Nekusakwanisa kusvika kune vane masimba uye vachitya kuchengetedzeka kwavo, vazhinji vakamanikidzwa kusiya pfuma yavo ndokutiza pasina muripo.

Muna 1965, kutevera iyo Hondo yeIndia nePakistan, hurumende yemauto yakaunza Mutemo weZvivakwa zveVavengi(EPA), ichizivisa India senyika yemuvengi uye ichibvumidza kutorwa kwezvinhu zvevagari vemuIndia. Kunyange zvazvo ichitsanangurwa senzira yekuchengetedza nyika, vaongorori vanoti mukuita, hurumende yakaronga MaHindu se "vavengi" yehurumende, pasinei nerudzi rwavo, nekuvaratidza sevatsigiri veIndia, zvichiita kuti zvivakwa zvevaHindu zvive zvinangwa zvikuru zveMutemo.

Kusiyana neizvi, maMuslim akatamira kuIndia kana kuti aive neugari hweIndia achigara muPakistan haana kuonekwa se "vavengi" pasi peEPA, zvichisimbisa mutemo we kushandiswa kwerusarura. Tsamba yehurumende yaibvumidza chero pfuma yeMuslim yakatorwa kuti idzoserwe kuvaridzi kana vagari venhaka, ukuwo vanhu vashoma vane ivhu rakanzi "pfuma yemuvengi" vakarasikirwa nemuridzi zvachose.

Saka EPA yakava chishandiso chinokurumidza kutora pfuma kubva kumaHindu akatizira kuIndia kana kuti akagara kuEast Bengal asi vainzi "vavengi". Vatsoropodzi vanoti chinangwa cheMutemo uye mashandisirwo awo. maHindu akanyanya kunangwa.

Mutemo weZvested Property weBangladesh senzira yekuenderera mberi kwemitemo inosarura

Mushure mekubuda muPakistan muna 1971 vachiumba Bangladesh yakazvimirira, maHindu akaramba achisangana nematambudziko kunyangwe nyika iyi yakawana kuzvitonga kwayo nerutsigiro rweIndia. Muna 1974, hurumende yakasimbisa zvakamboitwa pasi pemutemo we Mutemo weZvivakwa neZvisiri zveVagari (Kutonga) (VPA). Kunyangwe chinangwa chakataurwa chaive chekutora masimba edzimba dzaimbove dzevaPakistan nevaHindu vakatiza munguva yehondo yerusununguko, mutemo wacho waive wakanyanya kushandiswa. kushandiswa pakurwisa MaHindu achiri kugara muBangladesh.

Muzviitiko zvakawanda, kunyange kuenda kwechinguvana Zvainge zvakakwana kuti vakuru vakuru vatore pfuma, uye kusavapo kwemunhu mumwe chete wemhuri dzimwe nguva kwaikonzera kuti midziyo yemhuri yese itorwe.

Kunze kwerusaruro rwayo rwechimiro, VPA yakabvumira kubatana pakati pevakuru vemunharaunda nevaridzi veminda vane simba kuti vatore ivhu revanhu vashoma vachinyepera kuva pfuma yenyika. Vamwe vakuru vakabatsirwa pachavo, uye tsamba yakabudiswa muna 1977 simba Tehsildar (vakuru vehurumende yemuno) kuti vataure ivhu se "pfuma yemuvengi." Vakakurudzirwa kuwedzera runyorwa, zvichiita kuti kutorwa kwezvinhu zvevaHindu kusanyanya kukoshesa mhuri dzakadzingwa.

Kubvuta ivhu kwaiwanzoitika achiperekedzwa nechisimba.

Shipan Kumer Basu, Mutungamiri we Komiti Yekurwira Hurukuro dzeNyika DzechiHindu, akataura kuti kunze kweVPA, kwave nezviitiko zvekuti maHindu ari kubatwa nechirwere ichi. kupomera kwenhema nevakuru vehurumende kuitira kuti vawane ivhu ravo zviri nyore.

Mutemo weKudzorerwa Kwepfuma Yakatengeswa uye Miganhu Yayo

Muna 2001, hurumende inotungamirwa ne Awami League akapasa iyo Mutemo weKudzoserwa kwePfuma Yakavigwa (Kudzoserwa) kudzosa pfuma yakatorwa kuvaridzi vakakodzera.

Zvisinei, mutemo mutsva wakaisa mitemo yakaoma pakudzoserwa kwepfuma. Zvikumbiro zvaingogumira papfuma yainzi "muvengi" kana kuti "yakapihwa" Kukadzi 1969 asati asvika uye chete kana zvivakwa zvakadaro zvichiri pasi pehurumende, kusasanganisira huwandu hwakawanda hwevhu reHindu rakambotorwa kare rakatengeswa kana kutamiswa. Dzimba dziri kushandiswa nehurumende kana dzakarendwa kuvanhu vane mvumo dzaivewo ineligible uye haakwanise kupikiswa kudare.

Vaikumbira mvumo vaifanirwa kuratidza ugari hwenguva dzose uye kugara muBangladesh, nemazuva makumi mapfumbamwe ekutumira magwaro, zvichibvisa vazhinji vakanga vatiza mhirizhonga munharaunda.

Kunyangwe matare edzimhosva akagadzirwa kuti agadzirise nyaya mukati memazuva zana nemakumi masere, zvivakwa hazvina kusimbiswa kana kuendeswa kudare nenguva dzokera Mutemo uyu hauna kupawo muripo kune avo vaisakwanisa kuendesa zvichemo, nepo mukana wawo mudiki waideredza mukana wekuwana ruramisiro kumhuri dzakawanda dzakakanganiswa, kusanganisira avo vane pfuma yakabviswa pane runyorwa rwepamutemo rwe "vakapihwa".

Muna 2002, hurumende itsva yemubatanidzwa inotungamirwa neBNP yakaderedza mutemo uyu kuburikidza nechinjo yakabvumira hurumende nguva isingaperi yekuburitsa runyorwa rwezvivakwa "zvakapihwa" uye kuita maitiro ekudzoserwa kwezvivakwa. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kudzoserwa kwezvivakwa hakuna kuitika uye zvimwe zvekutorwa Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mhuri dzechiHindu dzinosvika 200,000 dzakatorerwa minda yadzo kubva pakatanga basa reBNP uye 8 muzana yezviitiko zvese zvekutorwa kweminda zvakaitika pakati pa2001 na2006 mushure mekunge Mutemo weKudzoserwa Kwevhu watangwa.

Chigadziro chegore ra2011: Misiyano pakati pemutemo nekushandiswa kwawo

Kutsvagurudza kwakakura kwaBarkat nechikwata chake kwakawana rutsigiro rwakakosha uye kwakaita basa guru mukuunganidza sangano rakarongeka munyika yese sangano rekutsigira vachida kuti mutemo weVested Property Return Act (VPRA) uitwe uye kuti midziyo yakatorwa kubva kumachechi mashoma idzoserwe.

Pakupedzisira, hurumende yeAwami League yakapasisa Mutemo weKudzoserwa Kwepfuma Yakavimbiswa (Kugadziriswa) muna 2011. Pakati pa2011 na2013, zvigadziriso zvina zvakapasiswa, chekupedzisira chiri chekuti Vested Property Return Bill. Izvi zvaisanganisira bvisa ye'B' Schedule — iyo yaireva dzimba dzakanyorwa sedzakapihwa asi dzisiri dzehurumende — uye renaming ye'A' Schedule, inosanganisira zvivakwa zviri pasi pehurumende, se "pfuma inogona kudzorerwa."

Pasinei nekuvandudzwa kwemitemo, mapoka ekodzero dzevanhu anoti kudzorerwa kwepfuma kwave kushoma, nezviuru zvezviitiko zvakapinda mu isina kugadziriswa nyaya dzemutemo. Kunyangwe nzvimbo huru dzevhu dzakapihwa "dzakaburitswa" zviri pamutemo mushure mekuvandudzwa kwa2011, humbowo hunoratidza kuti izvi hazvina kungoerekana zvaita kuti pave nekudzorerwa kwechokwadi. Mapoka ekodzero akataura kuti, muzviitiko zvakawanda, ivhu harina kudzoserwa kunyangwe mushure mekutongwa nedare, ukuwo muna 2018 Bangladesh Hindu Buddhist Christian Unity Council vakati kuti hapana nyika yakanga yadzorerwa kune vakaurayiwa.

Kunonoka kuripo nguva dzose, kuramba kwehutungamiriri uye kusatevedzera mitongo yedare zvinoratidza kuti nzvimbo zhinji dzakaburitswa hadzina kusvika kune varidzi vepakutanga. Sekureva kweHuman Development Research Centre (HDRC), zvipingamupinyi Zvinoitika pamatanho akasiyana-siyana ehurongwa - kubva kumahofisi ehurumende yemuno nemahofisi evhu kusvika kudare redzimhosva rinosanganisira magweta, vachuchisi vehurumende nevatongi. Kushomeka kwevatongi uye kusakosha kwenyaya dziri pasi peMutemo kunoita kuti nyaya dzirambe dzichienderera mberi zvishoma nezvishoma.

Mutoro wezvemari unorema zvikuru kune varombo nevepakati, vazhinji vavo vachinetsekana nekubhadhara mari dzematare uye mari dzekutarisira. kubhadhara zvisiri pamutemo zvinowanzodiwa kuti nyaya dzifambiswe mberi.

Vanorwira kodzero dzevanhu vanotiwo vagari venhaka zvisiri pamutemo nevanotora minda vanowanzo shandisa hurongwa uhu, dzimwe nguva vachitaurirana nevakuru vehurumende.

Muchidimbu, zvikanganiso izvi zvemaitirwo ezvinhu zvinoratidza musiyano uripo pakati pechinangwa chemutemo nekushandiswa kwacho, zvichiratidza kushanda kushoma kwemaitiro ekudzoserwa kwemari mukuwana mhedzisiro yakatarisirwa.

Kusvika pari zvino, Awami League inoita sekuti ndiyo chete hutungamiriri hwezvematongerwo enyika hwakatsvaga rubatsiro rwevaHindu nekuedza kudzoreredza kodzero dzepfuma. Iye zvino, nebato rega renyika rinotsigira zvechitendero rakamanikidzwa kurambwa nezvematongerwo enyika, hurumende inotungamirwa naTarique Rahman yazvimisa semudziviriri wekodzero dzevashoma uye sevimbiso yekudzivirirwa kwavo. Kuramba kukundikana kuona kuti maHindu adzorerwa zvinobudirira kunoita kuti pave nekunetseka nezvekuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzavo dzakakosha. Izvi zvinogona kushanda semuedzo wakakosha wezvisungo zvaRahman zvakataurwa kukodzero dzevashoma nekuchengetedzwa, pamwe nekukwanisa kwake kuchengetedza kuvimba kwenharaunda yeHindu kwakaratidza rutsigiro rwakakosha musarudzo kubato rake.

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