Nzira dzeMPLA'S

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Kune mapato anotonga uye mapato anovaka nyika. MPLA, yakavambwa musi wa10 Zvita 1956, yagara ichidada nekuva muchikamu chechipiri. Yakazvarwa kubva mukurwisa hudzvanyiriri, yakavakirwa pachipikirwa chekusunungura vanodzvinyirirwa uye kuvaka nzanga yakarurama, yakavakirwa pamisimboti yegutsaruzhinji. Iyi pfungwa yepakati-kuruboshwe, iyo inoisa chiremerera chevanhu neruramisiro pakati pezviito zvematongerwo enyika, ndiyo yaive simba rayo guru rekukurudzira kwemakumi emakore., nyora Joaquim Jaime naWalter Ferreira, vanoongorora zvematongerwo enyika.

Zvisinei, chokwadi chesarudzo kubvira muna 1992 chinotaura nyaya inofanirwa kutariswa zvakanyanya: mushure mekuwana 53.74% yemavhoti muna 1992 uye kusvika 81.64% inoshamisa muna 2008, bato iri rakanyoresa kudzikira—71.84% muna 2012, 61.08% muna 2017, uye inosvika 51% muna 2022. Nhamba idzi dzinoratidza, sarudzo mushure mesarudzo, vavhoti vari kuzviparadzanisa, vachibvunza, uye vasingachaoni mubato kuti vakabatsira kuvaka murazvo mumwe chete wekuchinja kwevanhu kwairatidza mavambo avo.

Ndimo mune izvi apo Agenda yezvematongerwo enyika ya2026, ine mativi gumi nerimwe nemabasa makumi maviri nemashanu, inozviratidza kwete sechirongwa chekuita chete asi semuedzo mukuru wesimba rebato rekuvandudza. Uye ndipo pamwoyo weagenda iyi ndipo panomuka mubvunzo wakakosha weramangwana: kusarudzwa kweMutungamiriri weRunyorwa rweSarudzo Dzegore ra2027.

Pfungwa sekambasi, kwete semiziyamu

Chikamu chechipiri chePolitical Agenda chinosimbisazve democracy socialism senzira huru yepfungwa yeMPLA. Ichi chisarudzo chakanaka, asi chinoda zvinopfuura kutaura. Sezvakataurwa naSamuel Huntington mubhuku rake guru rinonzi *Political Order in Changing Societies* (1968), chinhu chakakosha kuti nzanga ibudirire hachisi chekuvandudza chete, asiwo kugona kwemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika kugadza runyararo uye kupindura zvinodiwa nevagari. Huntington akataura kuti "hurumende inotonga" kana paine "masangano ezvematongerwo enyika akasimba, anochinjika, uye akabatana: mahofisi anoshanda zvakanaka, mapato ezvematongerwo enyika akarongwa zvakanaka."

Husosharisiti hweDemocratic, senzira yepakati-kuruboshwe, hahugoni kuva chinhu chemiziyamu chinofungwa nezvacho nepfungwa dzekusuwa. Chinofanira kuva chishandiso chinoshanda chekutsanangura matambudziko chaiwo evanhu vekuAngola nhasi uno: jaya riri kutsvaga basa, mukadzi ari kurwira kurarama kwemhuri yake, aimbova murwi anotarisira kuzivikanwa, mugariwo zvake anoshuvira mabasa everuzhinji emhando yepamusoro, vepakati nepakati-vepamusoro-soro vanoshuvira kugutsikana kwemari uye hurongwa hwemitero hwakarurama, muzvinabhizinesi ari kumirira marongero akanakira nharaunda yebhizinesi. Kusimbisa pfungwa iyi zvinoreva, pamusoro pezvose, kusimbisazve nzira yekutonga inoisa vanhu pakati uye inoshandisa Hurumende sechishandiso chekugadzirisa kusaenzana.

Kudzidziswa kwezvematongerwo enyika senzira yekudzivirira kusavapo kwepfungwa

Chikamu chechitanhatu cheAgenda chinoratidza kuzvipira kwakakosha: "kusimbisa kudzidziswa kwezvematongerwo enyika kwevarwi vebato nemapoka avo nechinangwa chekuwedzera ruzivo rwezvematongerwo enyika ebato, zvichienderana nematambudziko ayo MPLA iri kuda kuita, kuenderera mberi nebasa rekuongorora mashandiro". Chiyero ichi hachifanirwe kuonekwa sechingori ruzivo rwehurumende chete; chinotaura nezvepfungwa huru yekumiririrwa kuri kusangana nebato.

Kana nhengo isingazive nhoroondo yebato rayo, kana boka revanhu richivhiringidza socialism nemagariro evanhu, kana zvematongerwo enyika zvikaderedzwa kuita zvinhu panzvimbo pekushandura chokwadi, bato rinozvisunungura kubva mukati. Kudzidziswa kwezvematongerwo enyika hakusi kwedzidzo - ivimbiso yekuti nhengo yega yega inova nhume inokwanisa kutsanangura, kugutsa, uye kuunganidza vanhu vachitsigira chirongwa chebato. Ndiyo nzira yekudzivirira kuzviparadza nekurasikirwa nehunhu.

Apa ndipo chaipo panogona kuoneka zvinoitwa nenyanzvi yezvematongerwo enyika Sheri Berman, wekuColumbia University, se "musiyano wevamiriri" - musiyano uripo pakati pezvinodiwa nevavhoti nemaitiro ezvematongerwo enyika nezvinodiwa nemapato ezvematongerwo enyika. Achitaura nezveHuntington, Berman anoyeuka kuti "vagari vemo pavanoona masangano ezvematongerwo enyika seasingadi kana kuti asingakwanise kupindura, mhedzisiro yacho inogona kunge iri kusagutsikana uye, pamwe chete nazvo, kusagadzikana uye kuora kwezvematongerwo enyika."

Njodzi Yokurasikirwa Nesimba Rekuona Zvakakodzera

Kurasikirwa nerutsigiro rwevanhu vakawanda kubvira muna 2012 hakusi tsaona - chiratidzo chechimwe chinhu chakadzama. Kune bato riri kutonga, kurasikirwa nepfungwa yesimba rehurongwa kunozviratidza nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana, uye zvakakosha kuziva kuti chii.

Chiratidzo chekutanga kusaona zviri mberi. Kana zvisarudzo zvikarega kuva zvakavakirwa pachirongwa chenyika uye zvotanga kutungamirirwa nekumanikidzwa kwenguva iyoyo, bato rinoshanduka kubva pakuva mutungamiri kuenda kuva musungwa. Rinotonga kudzima moto, kwete kuvaka machechi makuru.

Chechipiri kuzviparadza. Pasina gwara rakajeka, simba rebato rinotendeukira mukati. Mapoka anomira kukakavadzana mazano otanga kukwikwidzana kuti awane zvakapambwa. Bato rinodya matarenda aro haridi kupikiswa nekunze - rinozviuraya zvishoma nezvishoma.

Chechitatu, pamwe chinonyanya kuipa, kuzvikudza. Kugara kwenguva refu musimba kunogona kukonzera "kusakundwa". Bato rinorega kuteerera nzanga, rinofuratira zviratidzo zvekusagutsikana, uye rinovhiringidza kurumbidza nerutsigiro rwevanhu.

Mupiro waHirschman: Siya kana kuratidzira

Kuti tinzwisise mhedzisiro yekusawirirana uku, zvinobatsira kudzokorora mapoka akakurumbira naAlbert Hirschman. Sezvinotaurwa naBerman, "kana paine musiyano wevamiriri uye vavhoti vasingagutsikane nesarudzo dzezvematongerwo enyika dzavanopiwa, vane sarudzo mbiri: kubva panzvimbo iyi kana kuti kuita kuti vanzwikwe." Musarudzo dzichangoburwa, takaona zviitiko zvose zviri zviviri: vavhoti vanorega zvishoma nezvishoma, vanorega kutora chikamu mune zvematongerwo enyika, uye vavhoti vanoisa kusagutsikana kwavo kumauto anopikisa.

Munyori wekuFrance Édouard Louis akatsanangura izvi zvinobaya mwoyo paakarondedzera nzira yababa vake veboka revashandi: "Zvakazoreva sarudzo kuna baba vangu yaive mukana wekurwisa kunzwa kwavo kwekusaonekwa (...) Baba vangu vakanga vanzwa vasiyiwa nevebato rekuruboshwe rezvematongerwo enyika." Munzvimbo isina chinhu yakasiyiwa nemapato echinyakare, tsananguro dziri nyore uye hurukuro dzekusagutsikana dzinowana nzvimbo yakaorera.

Sarudzo yemusoro werondedzero: Profile yekudzokazve

Ndimo mune izvi apo kusarudzwa kweMutungamiriri weRunyorwa rweSarudzo Dzegore ra2027 kunotora kukosha kukuru. Uye pano zvakakosha kutaura zvakajeka: ruzivo rwakadzama rwezvematongerwo enyika nepfungwa dzeMPLA runofanira kuva chinhu chakakosha uye chisingakurukurwi pakusarudza mukwikwidzi.

Izvi hazvisi zvinodiwa nevakuru vakuru kana kuti zvemutemo. Zvinodiwa kuti pave nehupenyu hwezvematongerwo enyika. Munhu anotungamira musarudzo ndiye achava chiso chebato pamberi penyika, muturikiri mukuru wechirongwa chemagariro evanhu chinorongwa neMPLA, muchengeti wendangariro dzenhoroondo, uye muvaki wezvibvumirano zveramangwana. Kana munhu uyu asinganyatsonzwisisa hwaro hwepfungwa dzebato - zvinoreva democracy socialism, matrix yayo yepakati-kuruboshwe, tsika dzinorisiyanisa, uye nhoroondo inoriita kuti rive repamutemo - vanganyengetedza sei vanhu vekuAngola kuti MPLA inoramba iri chishandiso chinoshanda kwazvo pakuzadzisa zviroto zvavo?

Asi kunzwisisa zvakadzama divi rezvematongerwo enyika nepfungwa, kunyangwe zvichidikanwa, hazvina kukwana. Mamiriro ezvinhu emuAngola emazuva ano - ane tarisiro huru dzevanhu, hupfumi hunochinja, uye vanhu vanoda kuvhota - zvinoisa kune anotungamira musarudzo mune ramangwana mamwe maitiro nehunyanzvi hunofanira kujekeswa.

Chiono chekuwedzera shanduko yezvehupfumi

Munhu anenge achikwikwidza anofanira kuva nepfungwa yakajeka uye inogoneka yekuwedzera shanduko yezvehupfumi, kuisa kusiyana kwehupfumi uye kusimudzira kugadzirwa kwenyika.

Chinhu chikuru chehurongwa hwekuvandudza. Angola haigone kuramba iri musungwa wekusagadzikana kwemitengo yemafuta. Mukuru weList ndiye achafanirwa kuva mutsigiri mukuru wemuenzaniso mutsva wehupfumi unokoshesa zvinogadzirwa nenyika, unogadzira cheni dzemukati, uye unoshandura pfuma yedu inogona kuva mabhenefiti chaiwo kune vanhu. Izvi zvinoda kwete ruzivo rwehunyanzvi chete asiwo kugona kwezvematongerwo enyika kutungamira shanduko dzinodiwa, kutarisana nezvido zvevamwe uye kusimudzira nharaunda yebhizinesi inokurudzira mabhizinesi enyika, kudyara mari kunobudirira, uye kuramba uchienderera mberi nediplomacy yehupfumi yakanangana nekukwezva mari yekunze yakananga.

Kuzvipira kusingazununguki kururamisiro munharaunda

Matrix yedemocracy yeMPLA inoda kuti Mukuru weList aise kururamisira munharaunda pakati pezviito zvavo. Izvi zvinoshandura, munguva pfupi, kuzvipira kwakasimba mukuvandudza mabasa eruzhinji akakosha: dzidzo yepamusoro inogadzirira zvizvarwa zvitsva matambudziko eramangwana uye hurongwa hwehutano hunowanikwa nyore nyore, hune hunhu, uye hunoshanda hunotarisira vanhu vese vekuAngola, kunyanya avo vari munjodzi.

Kuvandudza mari shoma inobhadharwa, senzira yekukudza basa uye kukurudzira kudiwa kwevashandi vemuno, uye kuramba uine hurongwa hwakasimba hwekuumba mabasa, kunyanya pakati pevechidiki, hazvigoneke kutaurirana. Chinangwa chikuru chakajeka: kuderedza urombo kwenguva refu, kwete kuburikidza nematanho ekubatsira kwenguva pfupi, asi kuburikidza nekugadzira mikana uye kugonesa vanhu kuvaka ramangwana ravo.

Hunhu hwemunhu uye hwehutungamiriri

Kupfuura zvematongerwo enyika, chimiro chemunhu anotungamira musarudzo chinofanira kuratidzwa nehunhu hwake hunokurudzira kuvimbana nekuvimbika. Munguva yekusagutsikana nezvematongerwo enyika, kujeka mukutonga kwenhau dzeveruzhinji, kuvimbika kwemunhu pasina mubvunzo, uye kutarisisa zvakanyanya pakushandira nyika - kwete zvido zvemunhu kana zveboka - hunhu hwakakosha.

Munhu anenge achikwikwidza anofanira kuratidza kugona kwechokwadi kwekukurukurirana, achivaka hukama nemapoka akasiyana-siyana munharaunda: vanopikisa zvematongerwo enyika, veruzhinji, machechi, vemakambani akazvimirira, uye mafambiro evanhu. Kusimbaradzwa kwedemocracy kunoenderana nekugona kuteerera nekubatanidza maonero akasiyana mukuvaka kubvumirana kwevakawanda.

Chinhu chakakosha zvakafanana kuzvipira pachena kurusununguko rwedare redzimhosva uye kusimbiswa kwemasangano eparamende. Dare redzimhosva rinozvitonga ndiro vimbiso yekodzero dzevagari uye kuvimbika kweHurumende. Dare reparamende rakasimba, rine simba, uye rinomiririra ndiro imba yedemocracy. Munhu anotungamira anofanira kunge ari iye anonyanya kusimbisa misimboti iyi.

Chekupedzisira, asi chakakoshawo ndechekuti, zvakakosha kuti munhu anenge achikwikwidza ave nepfungwa dzakarongeka dzekurwisa urombo. Izvi hazvisi zvekungoderedza migumisiro yahwo chete, asi ndezvekurwisa zvikonzero zvahwo kuburikidza nehurongwa hwakabatana hunosanganisa kukura kwehupfumi, kubatanidzwa kwevanhu, budiriro yenzvimbo, uye simba renharaunda. Urombo hausi hwechisikigo - ipfungwa yemagariro evanhu iyo chiito chezvematongerwo enyika chakatsunga chinogona uye chinofanira kuiparadza.

Kuvandudzwa kwenyika uye kupindura kune zvinodiwa zvekutanga

Mamiriro ezvinhu eAngola, anoratidzwa nemakumi emakore ematambudziko nekushanduka, anoda hutungamiriri hunobatanidza, nenzira yakaringana, mhinduro kune zvinodiwa zvevanhu zvakanyanya nepfungwa yenguva refu yekuvandudza Hurumende. Mugari wepanyika anoda Hurumende inoshanda: inovapa mvura nemagetsi, ine zvikoro nezvipatara zvine vadzidzisi nevanachiremba, inovimbisa kuchengetedzeka neruramisiro. Asi vanodawo Hurumende yemazuva ano, inoshanda zvakanaka, isina hurumende inoshandisa tekinoroji kurerutsa hupenyu hwevanhu nemabhizinesi, uye inovabatsira pakusimudzira budiriro, kwete chipingamupinyi.

Munhu anotungamira mugore ra2027 anofanira kunge ari iye ane chinangwa ichi: ruoko rwakatambanudzwa runogamuchira nekugadzirisa matambudziko aripo, uye chiono chehurongwa chinovaka ramangwana.

Mupiro wedzidzo: Pfungwa sechinhu chinobatanidza

Ongororo yezvidzidzo munguva pfupi yapfuura yakaratidza kukosha kwepfungwa mukutaura zvematongerwo enyika muAngola. Justin Pearce, wekuStellenbosch University, anoti "kudzidza mafambiro ezvematongerwo enyika muAfrica kwave kuregeredzwa," asi kuti "nzira iyo vatungamiriri vezvematongerwo enyika vanoti vanoita zvinofadza matunhu chaiwo" uye "kutaura hurukuro dzezvematongerwo enyika dzakanangana nezvikamu zvakasiyana-siyana zvenzanga" ndizvo zvakakosha pakunzwisisa mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika emazuva ano.

Panyaya yeMPLA, nhoroondo yayo refu - kubva pakurwisana kwehudzvanyiriri kusvika pakuvaka hurumende, ichipfuura nekuchinja kubva kuMarxism-Leninism kuenda kusocialism yedemocracy muna 1990/1991 - inoumba guta guru rezvematongerwo enyika rinokosha. Asi guta guru iri richashandiswa chete kana Mukuru weList akariziva, akarinzwisisa, uye akaziva nzira yekutaura naro, achiribatanidza muchiratidzo chemazuva ano chebudiriro neruramisiro munharaunda.

Ajenda ya2026: Chinangwa vs. Kuitwa

Chirongwa chezvematongerwo enyika cheMPLA chegore ra2026 chinotsanangura zvinhu zviviri zvakakosha: kusimbisa hupenyu hwemukati mebato uye kugadzirira Sarudzo Huru dza2027. Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weMPLA, Mara Quiosa, akasimbisa kuti gwaro iri rinoratidza "chiono, kuzvipira, uye zvinhu zvakakosha kuti MPLA irambe ichitungamira shanduko dziri kuenderera mberi dzezvematongerwo enyika, hupfumi, uye magariro evanhu munyika."

Pakati pezvikamu gumi nerimwe zvine chekuita nehurongwa, zvinotevera zvinoonekwa pachena: kusimbisa kubatana kwemukati, kurangwa kwebato, kubudirira kweCongress yechi9, kudzivirira mufananidzo webato nemutungamiri waro, uye kutsigira Dare Repamusoro mukuita hutongi hwaro. Agenda iyi inoratidzawo kushandiswa kwetekinoroji yeruzivo nemasocial network sezvishandiso zvekukurudzira nekubatsira vechidiki veruzhinji.

Zvese izvi zvakanaka. Asi mubvunzo ndewokuti: zvichakwana here kugadzirisa maitiro ekuderera kwerutsigiro rwevanhu? Mhinduro yacho inoenderana nekukwanisa kushandura zvinangwa kuita zviito chaizvo - uye kusarudzwa kweMukwikwidzi Mukuru, neruzivo rwakanyorwa pano, kuchava kuyedzwa kwakanyanya kwesimba iroro.

Dambudziko rekukunda zvakare

Kuwanazve kuvimba nevanhu hakuzongowanikwa chete kuburikidza nekudzidziswa kwezvematongerwo enyika nepfungwa kana kusimbiswazve kwehudzvanyiriri hwedemocracy mumagwaro epamutemo. Zvichawanikwa kuburikidza nekuratidza kwakajeka kuti bato iri rinoramba riri chishandiso chinoshanda zvikuru chekugadzirisa matambudziko evanhu vekuAngola. Uye izvi zvinotanga nekusarudzwa kwemutungamiri anonyatsoratidza tsika nenhoroondo yeMPLA, asi panguva imwe chete achipa chirongwa chakavimbika chekupindura kune zvishuwo zvevagari: mabasa, mihoro iri nani, hutano, dzidzo, kururamisira, uye kutora chikamu kwedemocracy.

Munhoroondo yayo, MPLA ine, munhoroondo yayo, guta guru rezvematongerwo enyika iro mapato mashoma pasi rose anaro: guta guru reavo vakarwira rusununguko rwenyika, vakavaka nyika yeAngola, vakatungamira nyika mumakore ekuchinja. Asi guta guru rekare haribhadhare mari yemazuva ano. Sezvakataurwa nemuongorori wezvematongerwo enyika Germán Gorraiz López, parizvino tiri kusangana ne "kurasikirwa kwekuvimbika kwedemocracy muhurumende dzisingaverengeki," zvichikonzerwa ne "tsika yehuori" uye "kushomeka kwedemocracy" izvo zvinoderedza kuvimba kwevagari mumasangano.

Chikumbiro chedu: Remangwana harimiriri munhu

Chirongwa chezvematongerwo enyika cha2026 chingave chinhu chinochinja chinodiwa neMPLA - kana kuti chingave chimwe chinyorwa chinowedzerwa kune mamwe, pasina mhedzisiro inoshanda. Zvese zvinoenderana nekukwanisa kuita mabasa makumi maviri nemashanu nekushingaira uye kutsunga kunoda mamiriro acho ezvinhu, uye zvese zvinoenderana, nenzira yakakosha, pakusarudzwa kweMusoro weRunyorwa rwa2027.

Chikamu chechitanhatu, nekutarisa pakudzidziswa kwezvematongerwo enyika nepfungwa, chinorwisa mudzi wedambudziko: varwi vehondo nemapoka anonzwisisa zvakadzama hunhu hwebato uye vanokwanisa kuriratidza munharaunda. Chikamu chechipiri, nekusimbisazve gutsaruzhinji rwedemocracy, chinosimbisa bato muchimiro charo chekare chepakati nekuruboshwe, zvichidzivirira kutsauka kwaizoriita kuti rive zita risiri iro.

Asi pane zvakawanda zvinodiwa. Zvinodiwa kuti varwi veMPLA vave munharaunda, vachiteerera, vachigadzirisa matambudziko, uye vachitsanangura. Hurumende yeDemocratic inofanira kushandura kuita mitemo chaiyo yekubatanidza vanhu, kurwisa urombo, uye kugadzira mikana. Bato rinofanira kudzoreredza kugona kwaro kurota remangwana, pachinzvimbo chekuzviganhurira pakutonga zviripo.

Pamusoro pezvose, munhu anotungamira muna 2027 anofanira kunge ari munhu anonzwisisa zvakadzama zvematongerwo enyika uye mafungiro eMPLA - nekuti ipapo chete ndipo pavanogona kuva chiso chinovimbika chepurojekiti yeramangwana inokudza zvakapfuura uye inopindura zvishuwo zvemazuva ano. Munhu ane chiono chehupfumi chekusiyanisa nekugadzira, ane kuzvipira munharaunda kudzidzisa, kutarisira, uye kukudza, ane hunhu hwekutonga pachena, uye ane hunyanzvi hwedemocracy kusimbisa masangano uye kuita hurukuro nenharaunda yese.

Nhoroondo ichava isina tsitsi kune avo, vaine zvese zvekuvaka nhaka, vaigutsikana nekungogara munzvimbo. MPLA yakatarisana nemharadzano yayo yakakosha nhasi: ingave inozvigadzirazve sesimba rekuchinja, rinofanirwa nenhoroondo yayo yemakore makumi manomwe, kana kuti ichaona kuparadzwa kweguta guru rezvematongerwo enyika iro zvizvarwa zvakawanda zvakavaka.

Ramangwana harimiri. Uye vanhu vekuAngola vacharamba vachicherechedza, vachiongorora, uye, panguva yakakodzera, vachisarudza.

Vanyori

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