IEuropean Union neAfrica: Kuenda kune Strategic uye Kudyidzana Redefinition

Yakanyorwa naJean Clarys

"Africa iri kuita shanduko huru, yakashanduka zvikuru (...) Kupfuura kungogadziridza software, tinoronga kuisa software nyowani pamwe chete, yakagadziridzwa kushanduko dziri kuitika," akadaro Macky Sall, panguva iyoyo Mutungamiriri weSenegal uye Sachigaro weAfrica. Union (AU), inodaidzira "kutanga patsva" panguva yemusangano wechitanhatu weAU-EU muna Kukadzi 2022. Kushevedzera uku kugadzirisa hukama hweAU-EU kune mamiriro matsva anobvumira kuvhurwa kwefungidziro pamaonero matsva ekuongorora kuti tifunge zvakare kuwirirana kuri pakati. European Union neAfrica kondinendi.

Zvechokwadi, kumativi ose maviri eMediterranean, kune chido chiri kukura chekugadzirisa nekugadzirisa hukama pakati pemakondinendi maviri. Nemaonero ekuchamhembe, kufarira kutsva kweAfrica uku kwakatangwa nevaimbove Mutungamiriri weEuropean Commission, VaJean-Claude Juncker, kunyanya kuburikidza neAfrica-Europe Alliance yavakazivisa zviri pamutemo muhurukuro yavo ye2018 State of the Union. Ruoko urwu rwakatambanudzirwa kune muvakidzani wavo wekumaodzanyemba rwakasimbiswa zvakare pasi pehutungamiriri hwaUrsula Von Der Leyen, uyo, svondo rimwe chete atora chigaro, akaita shanyo yake yekutanga yekune dzimwe nyika kumuzinda weAU muAddis Ababa, kwaakasimbisa kuti "African Union (AU) ) ndiye mubatsiri mukuru weEuropean Union (EU) mune zvematongerwo enyika nemasangano padanho reAfrica." 

Kwangopera mwedzi miviri mushure mekushanya kwekutanga uku, Ursula Von der Leyen akadzoka achiperekedzwa nemakomisheni makumi maviri kubva makumi maviri nemanomwe uye Mumiriri weEU High for Foreign Affairs, Josep Borrell. Kubva mumaonero ekumaodzanyemba kwemubatanidzwa, vatungamiri vemuAfrica, pamusoro pekusimbisa mubatanidzwa uyu, vanodawo kuufunga patsva. Saka, muhurukuro yake yekutanga saSachigaro weAfrican Union, Macky Sall akazivisa kuti, "Africa yakatsunga kupfuura nakare kose kutora magumo ayo mumawoko ayo," achivimbisa kuti anoda kukudziridza kudyidzana "kutsva, kwakanaka, uye kwakaenzana" nevadyidzani vedzimwe nyika. 

Kutevera musangano wekupedzisira weAU-EU, Patricia Ahanda akabvunza mukana wekubuda kwe "hutungamiriri hwakagovaniswa" pakati pemaUnion maviri, ukuwo Charles Michel, Mutungamiriri weEuropean Council, naMacky Sall, vakaburitsa mubatanidzwa. Sunday Newspaper manheru emusangano, umo vakazivisa chishuvo chavo che "kusimbisa pamwe chete nheyo dzehukama hutsva." 

Makore maviri apfuura kubva pamusangano wekupedzisira weAU-EU, uyo waive wakananga kuunza shanduko huru yezvakaitika kare pakati pevatungamiriri venzvimbo idzi, masangano, uye zvematongerwo enyika. Mumamiriro ezvinhu apo nhau dzeEurope pamusoro penyaya dzezvematongerwo enyika dzinonyanya kutungamirirwa nehondo muUkraine uye neIsrael-Palestine kunetsana, uye apo nhau shoma dzine chokuita nekondinendi yeAfrica dzakatarisana nekutama uye kuchengetedza nyaya muAfrica, chinyorwa ichi chine chinangwa chekupa ruzivo. Kutarisisa kwehukama pakati pemakondinendi maviri akavakidzana kuburikidza nelenzi yehurukuro dzepamutemo uye zvirongwa zvevatambi vakuru uye vaongorori vekudyidzana pakati peAfrican Union neEuropean Union.

I. Zvikonzero zvekusimbisa EU/UA Partnership

A. Zvisungo Zvakasimba Pakati Pemakondinendi Maviri

Kupfuura hukama hweAU-EU, nekuda kwenhoroondo yavo yakagovaniswa uye kuswedera kwenzvimbo, Africa neEurope zvinogara zvichichengetedza hukama hwakakosha. Aya makomborero akabatanidzwa anotanga kuratidzwa muhukama hwehupfumi. Kutengeserana pakati pemakondinendi maviri aya kunosvika ku225 bhiriyoni pagore. Nemari inosvika mabhiriyoni makumi matatu emadhora inopihwa Africa pagore, EU inoramba iri mupi mukuru mukondinendi iyi pamberi peUnited States, Japan, neChina. Huwandu hwakabatanidzwa hwerubatsiro rwekusimudzira veruzhinji kubva kuEuropean Union nenyika dzayo makumi maviri nenomwe dzinosvika pamabhiriyoni makumi matanhatu neshanu pagore.

Pamusoro pekubatana kwezvehupfumi uku, kuwirirana pakati pemakondinendi maviri aya kunoonekwawo mumubatanidzwa wemauto eEuropean muAfrica. Pamapoka manomwe emauto ari kuitwa neEuropean Union pari zvino, matanhatu akatarisana nenyika dzemuAfrica. Zvina zvezvimishoni izvi zvine chinangwa chekudzidzisa mauto emuno: muSomalia (EUTM Somalia, kubvira 2010), kuMali (EUTM Mali), kuCentral African Republic (EUTM CAR, kubvira 2016), uye kuMozambique (EUTM Mozambique, kubvira. Mbudzi 2021). Mamwe mamishini maviri anobata humbavha hwemugungwa kubva kumahombekombe eSomalia (EUNAVFOR Atalanta, kubvira 2008) uye kutarisa kuteedzera kurambidzwa kwezvombo kwakaiswa neUN kuLibya (EUNAVFOR Irini, kubvira Kurume 2020).

Pamusoro pemabasa echiuto aya, European Union inotumirawo nhumwa ina dzevarwi muAfrica. Kubva 2013, iyo EUBAM Libya mishoni yakabatsira zviremera zveLibya mukutonga miganhu. Bato reEUCAP Somalia, rakavambwa muna 2016, rine chinangwa chekusimbaradza masimba emugungwa eSomalia, kunyanya kutsigira mauto ekurwisa humbavha. Mamwe mamishinari maviri ehurumende anoshanda mudunhu reSahel: EUCAP Sahel Niger (kubvira 2012), iyo ine chinangwa chekuvandudza masimba eNiger's Defense and Security forces, uye EUCAP Sahel Mali (kubvira 2014), iyo inobatsira kusimbisa kugona kwemitemo yeMaliya.

B. Kukura Kwebasa reAfrica Munyika

Uku kufarira kwamutsiridzwa kubva kuEuropean Union mukondinendi yeAfrica kunotsanangurwa zvakare nemamiriro ekunze ezvematongerwo enyika uko Africa inogara iri kuwedzera mukurumbira, nepo Europe ichitambura nekudzikira kwenzvimbo yayo yepasirese, mune zvehupfumi uye nezvematongerwo enyika. Nekudaro, kure nekuve iro chete simba rinotarisazve zano rayo repasi rose kuenda kuAfrica, EU yakatarisana nemakwikwi anotyisa kubva kumasimba echitatu pavhu reAfrica. China, United States, Turkey, India, Japan, Russia, Brazil, South Korea, nenyika dzeGulf ndidzo dzinomirira vakawanda vanoda kusimbaradzwa kudyidzana nenyika dzakasiyana-siyana dzemuAfrica – shuviro dzinopfuura kungopinzwa kunze kwenyika zviwanikwa.  

Kunyangwe muna 2024, Africa ichiri kuita basa diki muhupfumi hwenyika, inomiririra zvikamu zvitatu kubva muzana zvehupfumi hwepasi rose muna 3, kondinendi iyi ine humwe hupfumi hwakasimba pasi rose. Vaongorori vazhinji vanofungidzira kuti kondinendi ichava dunhu rinokurumidza kukura panosvika 2023. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, European Union dzimwe nguva inonetsekana kugonesa vadyidzani vayo veMedithera kuti vavimbe nayo, yakatarisana nemakwikwi kubva kune akasiyana echitatu masimba, ayo anokwanisa kuendesa homogeneous nyika mazano panguva intra. -Kuparadzana kweEurope dzimwe nguva kunokanganisa kuvimbika uye kushanda kweEU mukondinendi.

Mukurwisana kweAfrica uku, vari kukwikwidza zvikuru muEU iChina, America, neRussia. Misangano ye "China-Africa", "Russia-Africa", uye "USA-Africa" ​​inotevera mumwe nemumwe nekukurumidza, inoratidzira chishuvo chikuru ichi. Rimwe nerimwe remasimba aya rinoshandisa zano raro zvichienderana nehurongwa hunotsanangurwa nedzimwe nguva dzakasiyana zvakanyanya. China pasina mubvunzo ndiyo nyika yekunze ine simba zvakanyanya muAfrica. Kudyara kukuru kwaro muzvivakwa, migodhi, uye mapurojekiti ebudiriro kwakasimbisa kuvepo kwayo zvakanyanya. China inobatikana muzvirongwa zvakakura zvakakura, zvakaita sekuvaka njanji, zviteshi, uye zvirongwa zvekusimudzira maguta.

Zvakare, chirongwa cheBelt and Road Initiative chawedzera simba renyika mukondinendi yose, zvichiita kuti ive mubatsiri mukuru wehupfumi hwenyika zhinji dzemuAfrica. Muna Mbudzi 2021, China yakaronga musangano wechisere weChina-Africa Cooperation muDakar. Panguva imwecheteyo, Middle Kingdom yakawedzera zvakanyanya mari yayo mukondinendi, kusvika pamadhora mazana maviri nemakumi mapfumbamwe emadhora muna 8, kuwedzera kwe2.96% zvichienzaniswa ne2020, pamari inosvika mabhiriyoni zana nemakumi mana emadhora mumakore gumi. Nekudaro, kunyangwe yakakwira zvakanyanya, mari iyi inomiririra hafu chete yezvinorongwa neEuropean Union kuisa mari mumakore mashanu.

Zvichakadaro, United States inotora nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekukurudzira kwayo muAfrica, kubatanidza rubatsiro rwebudiriro, kudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, pamwe nekushandira pamwe kwemauto. Musi wa5 Gumiguru, 2021, sechikamu cheBlue Dot Network, United States yakapa mari muzvirongwa zvemuAfrica zvinosvika mazana matanhatu nemakumi mashanu emamiriyoni emadhora. Muna Zvita 650, Secretary of Treasury, Janet Yellen, akataura mushure memusangano weUSA-Africa Summit, uyo wakaunganidza vatungamiri venyika dzemuAfrica makumi mana nevapfumbamwe muWashington, "Africa iri kusimukira yakanakira United States. Africa iri kusimukira inoreva musika mukuru kune yedu. zvinhu nemasevhisi Zvinoreva mikana yakawanda yekudyara kumabhizinesi edu. Chiitiko ichi chakatungamira kuvimbiso yemadhora mabhiriyoni makumi mashanu neshanu mukudyara kweUS mumakore matatu. Pamusoro pezvo, VaJoe Biden vava kukurudzira kupihwa kweAfrica chigaro chechigarire paG2022, iyo South Africa ndiyo chete nhengo yeAfrica.

Kunyangwe zviri pamutemo hutongi hweBiden-Harris huyedza kupatsanura kukanganisa kwahwo kweAfrica kubva mukukwikwidzana kwayo neChina, zviri pachena kuti kumuka uku mukondinendi kunovavarira kurwisa kufambira mberi kwesimba reAsia, iro kutengeserana neAfrica kwakawedzera kubva pamadhora mabhiriyoni gumi muna 10 kusvika pamadhora mazana maviri nemakumi masere nemaviri. bhiriyoni muna 2002.

Nezve pesvedzero yeRussia muAfrica, zvinonakidza kuona kuti inonyanya kurongeka uye yezvematongerwo enyika. Zano reRussia rine chinangwa chekuwana rutsigiro rwenzvimbo dzayo dzepasi rose, kunyanya mukati meUN General Assembly. Kubatanidzwa kweRussia kunowanzo sanganisira kubatana kwemauto, kunyanya kuburikidza neWagner Group, iyo inopa masevhisi edziviriro kuhurumende dzemuAfrica dzakasiyana-siyana mukuchinjana kuwana zviwanikwa zvakaita segoridhe nemadhaimani. Kufurira kweRussia kushoma mune zvehupfumi zvichienzaniswa neChina, asi zvine hunyanzvi.

Mamwe masimba, asingaonekwe kune veruzhinji muhuvepo hwawo mukondinendi yeAfrica, ari kuendesawo nzira dziri kukura muAfrica. Iyi inyaya yeSouth Korea, iyo inozvitora semubatanidzwa akakosha muhurongwa hwebudiriro hweAfrica. Japan iri kuwedzerawo kudyara mari mukondinendi, ichiwana iri nzira yekuwana rutsigiro rwezvekudyidzana kubva kunyika makumi mashanu neina dzemuAfrica idzo dzakabatana dzinomiririra chikamu chimwe muzvina chenhengo dzeUN. India, kune rumwe rutivi, inoona hukama hwayo nenyika yeAfrica sedanho rekukwira mu "kutsvaka chinzvimbo chemasimba makuru." 

NeEgypt neEthiopia nguva pfupi yadarika dzakabatana neBRICS, Brazil inotarisira kudzamisa hukama hwayo hwehupfumi pamwe nekudyidzana nenyika mbiri idzi kuti isimbaradze nzvimbo yayo muboka iri. Hukama hweTurkey hwekutengeserana nekudzivirira huri pamwoyo wezano rayo muAfrica. Mumakore makumi maviri adarika, kutengeserana pakati peTurkey neAfrica kwakawedzera kubva pamadhora 5.4 bhiriyoni kusvika pamadhora mabhiriyoni makumi mana muna 40. Pamusoro pezvo, Turkey yave mutambi mukuru mukushanduka kwemamiriro ekuchengetedza kondinendi. Ankara, yatovepo kuNorth Africa neNyanga yeAfrica, yapedza zvibvumirano zvekudzivirira nenyika dzekuMadokero neEast Africa, dzinosanganisira Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, neRwanda. Nepo ruzivo rwezvibvumirano izvi ruchisiyana, kubva kune zvekuchengetedza nerutsigiro rwehunyanzvi kusvika kudzidziswa zvechiuto, kazhinji zvinosanganisira zvekutengesa zvombo. 

Mufananidzo uyu waizoramba usina kukwana pasina kutaura nezvesimba riri kukura renyika dzeGulf mukondinendi yose. United Arab Emirates, semuenzaniso, iri kuyedza kuwedzera hukama hwayo nenyika dzeEast Africa kuti dzigadzirise simba radzo uye dzive nesimba reIran. Pakazere, zano renyika dzeGulf muAfrica rinokurudzirwa nekusiyana kwehupfumi, kuchengetedza chikafu nemagetsi, kuwedzera simba ravo rezvematongerwo enyika netsika, uye kuchengetedza zvido zvavo zvekuchengetedza. 

Chekupedzisira, zvakakosha kuratidza kukura kwebasa remasimba makuru eAfrica mukusimudzira nyika yese. Izvi ndizvo zvakaita, semuenzaniso, yeEgypt, kunyanya muNigeria asiwo mukondinendi yese. Aya mazano anowanzo tsigirwa nevatambi vakuru vega; yekuSouth Africa (MTN Group, Shoprite Holdings, Standards Bank Group), yekuNigeria (Dangote Group, UBA), yekuMorocco (Attijariwafa Bank, OCP Group), kana yeKenya (Equity Bank, Safaricom).

C. A Shared Destiny Kuisa Matambudziko Akabatanidzwa

Nekudaro, kunyangwe hukama hwepedyo huripo pakati pemakondinendi maviri aya nepakati peAfrica pasi rose zviri zvikonzero mukufarira kutsva kwakaratidzwa neEU neAU kwekudyidzana uku, kuziva nezvechinangwa chekugovana chinoisa matambudziko akafanana kunosimbisa chido chevatungamiriri pamusoro mativi ose eMediterranean kuti vasimbise kubatana kwavo. Zviri mumweya uyu kuti Ursula von der Leyen akazivisa manheru emusangano weAU-EU: "Africa inoda Europe uye Europe inoda Africa." Africa ikozvino yave kuonekwa seyakakosha uye yakabatana nepakati kune ramangwana reEurope. Nenzira iyi, muna Chikumi 2022, vamiriri veAfrica neEurope vakasangana muAddis Ababa kuti vafunge nezve "Nei Europe neAfrica Zvichida Mumwe Nomumwe Munguva Yematambudziko." 

Aya matambudziko akagovaniswa anogona kupfupikiswa mumadingindira anotevera: "runyararo nekuchengetedzeka, kutama, shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, shanduko yedhijitari, uye dambudziko renyika dzakawanda," iyo nyaya yesimba inowedzera. Imwe yematambudziko ekutanga akagovaniswa akatarisana nemakondinendi maviri ari mukugadzirisa mafambiro ekutama. Zvichienderana nematemo anotsanangurwa muValletta Joint Action Plan, ine chinangwa chekutsigira vadyidzani vemuAfrica neEurope nekusimbisa hutongi hwekutama, zvirongwa zviviri zvakatangwa zvichitevera musangano waFebruary 2022 AU-EU, unonzi The Atlantic/Western Mediterranean Route TEI neCentral Mediterranean. Nzira yeTEI. 

Zvinangwa zvavo, zvakagovaniswa pakati pemakondinendi maviri, zvinogona kupfupikiswa mumapoinzi mashanu:

- Dzivirira kutama kusingaite uye kurwisa kutengeswa kwevanhu uye kushambadzira,

-Gadzira nharaunda inokodzera kusimudzira uye kukurudzira kutama kwemutemo uye nzira dzekufamba,

- Batsira nyika dzakabatana ive nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa uye kusununguka kwehupfumi kwevanotama,

-Kugonesa kudzoka kwakasimba uye kubatanidzwazve kwevakadzingwa vakatama,

- Gadzirisa izvo zvinokonzeresa kutama kusingaite uye kumanikidzwa kutamiswa.

Runyararo nechengeteko ndiwowo matambudziko akajairika anosunga vavakidzani vaviri ava, nekuda kwekuswedera kwavo kwenzvimbo uye kukosha kwekuyerera kwevanhu nehupfumi pakati pemakondinendi maviri. Panyaya yerunyararo nekuchengetedzeka, chinangwa cheEU ndechekutsigira zvirongwa zvemuAfrica zvekurwisa hugandanga uye kusimudzira zviito zveAfrica kuti kondinendi igadzikane, nekutsigira mabasa ekuchengetedza runyararo nekusimbisa masimba enzvimbo. Chokwadi, kusagadzikana uye kusachengeteka muAfrica zvine zvazvinokonzeresa kuEurope. Saka, mukubatana pamwe neAfrican Union, EU inoshandisa zviwanikwa zvayo kukurudzira "mhinduro dzeAfrica kumatambudziko eAfrica" ​​muSomalia, Sahel, Central African Republic, neMozambique. 

Nyaya yekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze iri pakati pematambudziko akagovana pakati penzvimbo mbiri idzi. Manheru emusangano weAU-EU, VaJosep Borrell, Mutevedzeri weMutungamiriri weEuropean Commission, vakazivisa, "Mumakore achangopfuura, EU yakaungana kubatsira Africa kuti igadzirise mhedzisiro yayo (iyo ine chekuita nekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze), kunyanya kuburikidza Great Green Wall purojekiti yekurwisa gwenga, asi isu tichafanirwa kuwedzera zvakanyanya kuedza uku mune ramangwana. uye pamwe chete, tinogona kuisa nyika munzira inoenda kubudiriro yakaenzana uye inoenderera mberi. "

Nezve nyaya yesimba, nekuda kwekukurumidza kwenhoroondo yakabatana nemamiriro ekuwedzera kunetsana kwezvematongerwo enyika uye kukwikwidza, EU yakanzwisisa kuti Africa ndeimwe yevanodyidzana zviri pamutemo kuzadzisa chinangwa chayo chekuzvitonga. Mukudzoka, vatungamiriri vemuAfrica vanosimbisa kufarira kuti nyika dzavo dzibatane neEuropean Union inokwanisa kutsigira kondinendi mukuita maindasitiri inobvumira shanduko yezviwanikwa panzvimbo kuti ive simba rakashandurwa. 

Nezvekufambiswa kwedigital kwekondinendi yeAfrica, vatambi vazhinji vari kudaidzira kuti vawane tekinoroji yesatellite uye kuiswa kwetambo dzepasi pegungwa. Zvisinei, pane chipingamupinyi chikuru chokukunda, icho chiri mukushaikwa kwekuwana magetsi kunotambura nechikamu chikuru chevagari vomuAfrica. Nokudaro, zvishoma kudarika munhu mumwe chete muvanhu vaviri vanogona kuwana magetsi muAfrica muna 2024. Kana maitiro emazuva ano achienderera mberi, pasi pe40% yenyika dzeAfrica dzichawana kuwanikwa kwemagetsi pasi rose muna 2050. The digitization of Africa, asiwo corollary yayo, iyo ndiyo democratization yekuwana magetsi, ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha kune vese vanobatana.

Chekupedzisira, European Union, seAfrican Union, inogovera misimboti yemubatanidzwa. Kuti vatakure huremu hwakawanda mumasangano epasi rose, masangano maviri ezvematongerwo enyika ane chido chekushandira pamwe kuitira kuti pave neshanduko, yakaenzanirana, uye inomiririra hurongwa hwenyika dzakawanda hunoratidza zvinodiwa nevatambi vese. Panyaya iyi, Europe inoda kutsigira hurongwa hweAfrica hwekuda kuvandudza masangano akaita seUnited Nations Security Council, WTO, neBretton Woods, sekutsigira kwairi kuita AU kupinda muG20.

II. Kudyidzana Kutsva?

A. Paradigm Shift kubva kuRubatsiro kuenda kuKushandira pamwe

Nepo kufarira kusimbaradza kudyidzana kuchiwana rutsigiro rwakafanana kumativi ese eMediteranian, chishuwo che "kuisa hwaro hwehukama hutsva uye hwakadzama" hunodawo kudzokororwa nzira nevatungamiriri veAfrica vachivavarira kuvhura nguva yehutungamiriri hwakagovana. Koen Doens, Director-General weInternational Partnerships (INTPA) kuEuropean Commission, inotaura nezve "paradigm shift" nekusimbisa kuti izwi rekuti "budiriro" harichazadzisa zvinotarisirwa nevatungamiriri veAU neEU. Ikozvino, "Team Europe inofambira mberi neChikwata Africa, sevabatsiri," anofara Koen Doens. 

Pakanga pari pamusangano waKukadzi 17-18 apo chiono chitsva ichi chemubatanidzwa pakati peAfrican Union neEuropean Union chakaitwa, zvichiratidza shanduko huru uye yenhoroondo muhukama pakati pemakondinendi maviri. Kuvandudzwa kwehukama hweAU-EU kune chinangwa chekuve chakanyanyisa mupfungwa yekuti inodzokorora "semantics, mazwi, maitiro ekubatana kwavo, asiwo zvivakwa, hupfumi, hutano, hutsva, mamiriro ekunze, uye basa." 

Iyi nzira yekufunga patsva hukama pakati pevatungamiri vemakondinendi maviri inopindirana nehurongwa hweFrance, nyika inova imwe yevatyairi vakuru veiyi simba mukati meEU. Emmanuel Macron akazvipira kune izvi kuNew Africa-France Summit muMontpellier muna Gumiguru 8, 2021, nekutsanangura kuti aida kudzokorora "kazhinji semantics yese yebudiriro: chii chinobvumira iyi mari yakafanana, zviridzwa zvayo, girama." Zvinonakidzawo kuziva kuti musangano we2022 AU-EU wakaiswa pachirongwa cheEuropean agenda nekuda kweMutungamiriri weFrance weEuropean Union (PFUE), izvo zvakaita kuti kusimbaradzwa nekugadzirisa hukama hweAfrica-Europe chimwe chezvainyanya kukosha.

Kuenzanisa uku, kunodiwa nevatungamiri veAfrica kwemakore akati wandei, saka kunofanira kubvumira shanduko kubva muhukama hwehutungamiriri, hwakanangana nerubatsiro kubva kuEurope kuenda kuAfrica, kuenda ku "kuenzana-ku-equal kudyidzana." Patricia Ahanda akasimbisa zuva rakatevera musangano waFebruary 2022 kuti kuti kuenzanirana uku kwezvematongerwo enyika kuve kwechokwadi, Europe inofanirwa kumisa hurongwa hwekudyidzana hwakaenzanirana neAfrica. Panguva imwecheteyo, nyika dzemuAfrica dzinofanirwa kuratidza kugona kwavo kuzvimisa sevadyidzani vechokwadi nekutanga hurongwa hwakafanana. Hurukuro yaMacky Sall pachiitiko ichi, ichitaura nezvekuiswa kwesoftware nyowani muhukama hweEuro-Africa, inoratidza kutsunga kwenyika dzemuAfrica kupedza kusaenzana kwakapfuura uye pakupedzisira kuvaka mubatanidzwa wekuhwina kumakondinendi ese ari maviri.

B. Thematic Areas Defined Around Concrete Projects

Kudyidzana pakati penyika dzemuEurope nekondinendi yeAfrica kwakasiyana zvikuru. Makore mashanu chete apfuura, nyika dzenhengo dzainyanya kutarisana nekutama uye nyaya dzekuchengetedza. Nhasi, nyaya idzi dzinongova zvikamu zviviri zvemufananidzo wakakura, kusanganisira shanduko yemamiriro ekunze, digitization, kubatana, kutengeserana, kodzero dzevanhu, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzakawanda. 

Iyi tsananguro patsva yeEuropean zano neAU yakatarisana neshanu hukama hwehukama:

-Kushanduka kweGreen uye kuwana simba,

- Digital shanduko,

-Kukura nekugadzirwa kwemabasa kwakasimba,

- Runyararo uye kutonga,

- Kutama uye kufamba.

Kudyara mari muzvivakwa ndiyo yakajairika yeaya madeno mashanu emubatanidzwa uye iri pamwoyo pechido cheAfrica. Chipangamazano wepedyo kumutungamiri weAU akaudza Olivier Caslin, mutori wenhau kuJeune Afrique, kuti chinonyanya kukosha "ndechokuti Africa inogona kuve nehupfumi hwainoda." Mamboentsho Ramokgopa, mukuru wezvekudyara mari nezvivakwa muhofisi yemutungamiri weSouth Africa, akasimbisawo kuti kugadzira zvivakwa zvitsva munzvimbo dzese kuchaita basa rakakosha mune ramangwana rekondinendi. Nenzira imwecheteyo, Akinwumi Adesina, Mutungamiri weAfrican Development Bank (AfDB), anotsanangura kuti nyaya yezvivakwa iri pakati nekuti pasina hwaro hwakasimba, hapana hunobudirira uye hurefu hwekusimudzira hupfumi hunogona kuitika. 

Mukupindura kudiwa kweAfrica uku, EU yakazivisa, pakupera kwemusangano weAU-EU, kutumirwa kweGlobal Gateway, chirongwa chemabhiriyoni zana nemakumi mashanu emadhora mumakore manomwe akanangana nekudyara kwezvivakwa muAfrica. Chinangwa chakaziviswa cheEuropean Commission ndecheku "tsigira mapurojekiti anodiwa uye anoitwa nevanhu vemuAfrica," nekutanga pane zvifambiso zvekufambisa, madhijitari, uye simba. "Tichaisa mari neAfrica kuti tigadzire musika wegirinhi wehydrogen unobatanidza mahombekombe maviri eMediterranean," akadaro Ursula von der Leyen muna Gumiguru 150. Shanduko yegirinhi iyi zvakare iri pakati peAfrican Union's Agenda 2021, yakanzi "The Africa. Tinoda."

Pakazere, matemo anotsanangurwa nechirongwa ichi anoenderana neaya akaziviswa neEuropean Commission maererano nehukama hwehukama. Izvi ndezvi: kusimudzira shanduko yegirinhi, kukurumidza shanduko yedhijitari, kusimudzira kukura kwakasimba uye kugadzira mabasa ane hunhu, kusimbisa hutano masisitimu, nekuvandudza dzidzo nekudzidziswa. Pazasi pane runyorwa rwemienzaniso yekunzwisisa kuzadzikiswa kwechirongwa ichi ne2030:

-Kurumidza kuwana kwepasirese kune vese muAfrica kune yakavimbika Internet network. Semuenzaniso, iyo UA-EU Digital4Development hub ichaisa tambo yepasi pegungwa muMediterranean iyo ichabatanidza nyika dzeNorth Africa nenyika dzeEU. Kuwedzerwa kwetambo kuenda kuWest Africa kuri kutariswa, nekutanga kumhara muDakar. Chekupedzisira, iyo Africa 1 yedhijitari yepasi pemvura tambo ichabatanidza Europe kumahombekombe eEast Africa.

- Batanidza maAfrican and European multimodal transport network anoenderana nedunhu nekondinendi masisitimu uye gadzirisa aya network kune mukana wehupfumi weAfrican Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA).

- Kuvandudza kuvharirwa kwekudzivirira uye kusimbisa iyo Africa mishonga yemishonga ine dunhu rekugadzira masimba kuti isangane nezvido zvemuno uye zvinodiwa. Zvakanyanya, mupfungwa iyi, Team Europe Manufacturing and Access to Vaccines, Medicines, and Health Technologies initiative ine chinangwa chekutsigira vadyidzani vemuAfrica mukusimbisa masisitimu emishonga emuno uye kugona kugadzira,

- Chengetedza mari mumabhizinesi madiki uye kusimudzira kweiyo bhizinesi ecosystem muAfrica, semuenzaniso kuburikidza neIYAB-SEED, iyo inoisa zvakanyanya kukoshesa kutsigira vakadzi mabhizinesi.

C. Kudyidzana Kupfuura Mari

Nokudaro, kunyange zvazvo zviito zvakasimba zvinotsanangurwa kuti zvigone kusimbiswa nekugadzirisa kwekubatana pakati pemakondinendi maviri, vamwe vaongorori vanosimbisa kukosha kwekupfuura chikamu chehupfumi chekubatana uku. Lidet Tadesse Shiferaw, muongorori anoona nezverunyararo uye hutungamiriri mukondinendi yeAfrica, akataura kuti "Europe neAfrica dzinofanirwa kuve nehushingi hwekuona kudyidzana kunopfuura mari." 

Mupfungwa iyi, vamwe vaongorori, saNicoletta Pirozzi, mukuru wehukama hwemasangano paIstituto Affari Internazionali, vanotsanangura kuti, semuenzaniso, nezvenyaya dzekutama, shanduko yehurukuro inodiwa kugadzirisa kuyerera kwevanhu kwete sekunetsekana kwevanhu asi. sechiitiko chechimiro chine mukana wehupfumi nemagariro eEurope neAfrica. 

Kupfuura mari, vatungamiri vakawanda vemuAfrica vari kuda kuti European Union nenyika dziri nhengo dzayo dziwedzere kutariswa nekuremekedzwa kwezvinzvimbo zvemuAfrica. Chikumbiro ichi chinopindirana nekutangazve kwesangano risina kurongeka. Vatungamiri vemuAfrica vari kukumbira shanduko yechiratidzo kubva kuvatungamiri veEurope maererano nezvinzvimbo zvenyika dzemuAfrica mumaforamu epasi rose uye kudyidzana kwavo nedzimwe nyika dzine masimba eEU. 

Muenzaniso unoshamisa wekusawirirana uku uri mukuita kweEuropean Union kune zvakabuda musarudzo yeUnited Nations General Assembly pasarudzo ye "Aggression against Ukraine" muna Kurume 2023. Munguva yevhoti iyi, nyika zhinji dzemuAfrica dzakaramba kana kuvhota, dzichiumba yakakura kwazvo. regional bloc kuita nenzira iyi. EU "yakakatyamadzwa" nemhedzisiro iyi, iyo yakaonekwa nenyika dzemuAfrica sekupokana kodzero yadzo yekuvhota vakasununguka.

Nyika dzemuAfrica dzakashorawo "hunyengeri hwekuMadokero," dzichipomera nyika dzeEurope kubata nyaya dzerunyararo nekuchengetedzeka muEurope zvakakomba uku dzichiregeredza mhirizhonga kune dzimwe nzvimbo pasi rose. Munguva yekutenderera yakarongwa neEuropean Think Tanks Group (ETTG) neRegional Bureau yeAfrica yeUnited Nations Development Program (UNDP), yakanzi "Kuongorora Zvinorehwa neCCIDID-19 uye Hondo yeUkraine yeAfrica neEurope-Africa Relations, " mumiriri weEurope akabvuma kuti "nekutarisa kumashure," panguva iyoyo, kuita kweEurope kune chinzvimbo chenyika dzeAfrica mumamiriro ezvinhu ekurwisa kweRussia kuUkraine kwave "kwakanyanyisa" uye kuti yaive "nzira nhete yekutarisa hukama" pakati penzvimbo mbiri dze geopolitical. 

Imwe nzira yekutarisana nekubatana uku kunze kwemari inosanganisira kuwedzera kufunga kwemigumisiro yemitemo yemukati yeEurope iyo dzimwe nguva inobata kondinendi yose yeAfrica nehuwandu hwevanhu. Mienzaniso, kunyange zvazvo ingasaratidzika kuva yakajeka pakutanga kuiona, yakawanda. Rubatsiro rweEU rwezvekurima kuburikidza neCAP runoita kuti zvinhu zvemuEurope zvikwikwidze, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kurima kwemuno muAfrica pamwe nekukanganisa chikafu chekondinendi. Mumwe muenzaniso ndewemutero mutsva wecarbon border wakatumirwa neEU (CBAM), uyo, sekureva kwevamwe vanoongorora, unoshanda semhinganidzo mukusimudzira maindasitiri eAfrica. Ongororo yakataurwa neAfrican Climate Wire inoratidza kuti CBAM inogona kuderedza zvinhu zvose zvinotengeswa muAfrica kuEU nechikamu che5.72% uye kuderedza GDP yemuAfrica nechikamu chimwe nechidimbu kubva muzana. 

Zvakare, zvinonakidza kuziva kuti mitemo yeEU yehutsanana uye yezvakatipoteredza yekutenga kunze kwenyika inogona kusabvisa zvigadzirwa zvakawanda zvemuAfrica pamusika weEurope. Pakupedzisira, muenzaniso wekupedzisira wenzira yekutarisana nekubatana kweUA-EU kupfuura nyaya dzehupfumi inogona kurara mukuwedzera kwerutsigiro rweEurope kune simba renyika dzeAfrica mumaforamu epasi rose. European Union yakazvipira kugovera kodzero dzakakosha dzekudhirowa kunyika dzemuAfrica. Idzi kodzero dzakakosha dzekudhirowa zvinhu zvakagadzirwa neIMF uye zvakapihwa nyika dzinokwanisa kuzvipedza pasina kuunza chikwereti. 

Pamusoro pezvo, EU inodyidzana zvakanyanya neAU kusimbisa hunyanzvi hwemasangano eAfrica nekupa hunyanzvi hwekuita nerutsigiro rwemari. Rutsigiro urwu runowanikwa murubatsiro rwakapihwa neEU kusimbisa kubatana neAfrican Medicines Agency (AMA) kuwiriranisa zviyero nemirau pakondinendi. Chirongwa ichi chinorerutsa kupinda kwenyika dzemuAfrica mumasangano ezveutano pasi rose akaita seWHO. Pakupedzisira, mukubatana neWTO, EU inobatsira nyika dzemuAfrica kugadzirisa mitemo yekutengeserana uye kubatanidza mitemo yepasi rose, kuwedzera kukwanisa kwadzo kutaurirana nekupesvedzera mitemo yekutengeserana pasi rose. EU inopawo rubatsiro rwehunyanzvi kubatsira nyika dzemu Africa kunzwisisa nekushandisa mitemo yeWTO, nekudaro vachisimbisa zvinzvimbo zvavo munhaurirano dzekutengeserana nedzimwe nyika.

III. Matambudziko Akawanda Anoramba Achifanira Kukurirwa

A. Divergent National Strategies paMakondinendi ose eEurope neAfrica

Kunyange hazvo European Union ichiumbwa nenyika makumi maviri nenomwe uye African Union ichisanganisira nyika makumi mashanu neshanu, rimwe dambudziko guru riri kusangana nemubatanidzwa pakati pemasangano maviri aya nderekutaura nezwi rimwe chete mativi ose emubatanidzwa. Kudivi reAfrica, kusavapo kwevamiriri vanobva kuMali, Guinea, Sudan, Niger, neBurkina Faso pamusangano wechitanhatu weAU-EU, nyika dzakatemerwa zvirango neECOWAS zvichitevera kubvuta masimba kwemauto, kunoratidza kuoma kuri kuita nyika dzese dziri mumubatanidzwa. kondinendi pasi pesangano rimwechete. 

Nokudaro, vaongorori vakawanda vanoshora mamiriro ekunze akasiyana-siyana emuAfrica ayo aizodzivirira kuvakwa kwehukama hwakaenzanirana neEuropean Union. Vaongorori ava vanonongedza "kushaikwa kwechiono chakafanana cheAfrican Union," iyo yega uye isina kurongeka zvirongwa zvehupfumi zvedzimwe nyika dzemuAfrica, sezvipingamupinyi zvakawanda kune hukama hwakanaka uye hunobatsira hwekondinendi yese. Kuti tikunde dambudziko iri, zvinoita sekunge zvakakosha kusimbaradza zvirongwa zvekubatana kwemuAfrica zvakaita seAfCFTA, African Union Peace Fund, kana Africa CDC. 

Aya mazano emarudzi akasiyana anowanikwawo kuchamhembe kweMediterranean, uko kupatsanurwa kwemukati meEurope kunokanganisa kuvimbika uye kushanda kwehurukuro yeEurope uye chiito pakondinendi, ichideredza, kunyanya, simba rekuwedzera iro nyika dzenhengo dzaigona kuita kana dzakabatana zvakanyanya. Kuomerwa uku mukuyananisa zvido zvehurongwa hwenyika dzenhengo dzakasiyana kunotanga kubva mukusiyana-siyana padanho rekufarira rinoratidzwa nevatambi vekuEurope kune kondinendi yeAfrica. Nokudaro, dzimwe nyika dzeEurope, dzakadai seFrance, dzine kukwezva kwakadzama kune kondinendi, yakagadzirwa muhurongwa hwakarongeka uye hwakasiyana-siyana. France zvakare ndeimwe yevatyairi vakuru veEuropean proactivity yakananga kondinendi yeAfrica.

Nekudaro, kufarira uku mukondinendi yeAfrica kuri kure nekubvumirana pakati penyika dzeEurope. Nekudaro, gumi nerimwe chete panhengo makumi maviri nenomwe dzenyika dzinoratidza hurongwa hwepamutemo hwakanyanya kana kushoma uye hwakakwana kune kondinendi yeAfrica. Izvi ndizvo zvakaita Germany, Spain, Italy, Poland, Czech Republic, Malta, Estonia, France, Belgium, Portugal, uye Netherlands.

B. Pfungwa Dzekunetsana Kunoramba Kuripo Pakati peEurope neAfrica

Pakupedzisira, makakatanwa mazhinji anoenderera mberi pakati peEurope neAfrica. Chekutanga, vatungamiriri vemuAfrica vanoshora mukaha pakati penhaurirano dzeEurope nekuita. Chirongwa cheGlobal Gateway ndechimwe chevakatanga kubatwa nemanzwiro aya. Saka, zvichitevera chiziviso chekutumirwa kwaro, chipangamazano wepedyo kumutungamiri weAU akabvuma kuti, "Pane kukahadzika kuti chikamu chemari yakavimbiswa neBrussels chinongoshandisazve mari yakambopihwa EU." Yakaratidzwa neEU semhinduro huru uye yeEurope kune zvinodiwa zvezvivakwa zveAfrica, Global Gateway yakasimudza tarisiro huru. Zvisinei, chokwadi chokuti chikamu chikuru chemari yakaziviswa inononoka kuunganidzwa chakapa pfungwa yekushanda kwekukurukurirana kwakanyanyisa.

Mazano eEU ekuzivisa "budiriro" kana "zvirongwa zvemureza" pamisangano yakasiyana-siyana, kazhinji kukwikwidzana nevamwe vadyidzani vemuAfrica, inogona pakupedzisira kukuvadza kupfuura kunaka kune mubatanidzwa uyu. Nepo EU yakazvipira kumusangano wechitanhatu weAU-EU kuisa mari yakawanda mukondinendi yeAfrica kusimudzira runyararo, kubatanidzwa kweAfrican Peace Facility muna Kurume 6 nezvimwe zviridzwa kubatsira kuumbwa kweEuropean Peace Facility kwakawedzera musiyano uripo pakati pehurukuro uye runyararo. chiito. Saka, ye2021 bhiriyoni bhajeti yeFPE ye5.62-2021, € 2027 bhiriyoni yakatoendeswa kana kuvimbiswa kuUkraine, ichiparadzira kutya pakati pevadyidzani vemuAfrica kuti kuzvipira kweEurope kurunyararo nechengeteko muAfrica kunogona kudzikira zvakanyanya.

 Kunyange hazvo nyika dzemuAfrica dzichinzwisisa chinhu chitsva ichi, dzinosimbisawo kuti, zvisinei nezvisungo zveEU, maonero eEU kuMabvazuva akatangira kurwisa kweRussia. Zvinoenderana nemusiyano uyu mukurapa pakati peiyo Eastern neighbourhood policy uye mabatirwo ayo ekudyidzana nekondinendi yeAfrica, Nicoletta Pirozzi akacherekedza kuti vanopfuura mamirioni 7.8 vapoteri veUkraine vakapinda muEU muna 2022, vaine nhamba yerekodhi vachibatsirwa nekuchengetedzwa kwenguva pfupi, panguva. panguva imwe cheteyo vasingasviki 140,000 vanobva kune dzimwe nyika vakasvika negungwa vachiyambuka Mediterranean, zvichikonzera kushorwa kwakasimba kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzeEU maererano nekununura, kugamuchira, uye kutamisa zvisungo. Izvi zvakafumura EU pakupomerwa kwemaitiro maviri mukubata kwevanotama nevapoteri vanobva kuUkraine, kune rumwe rutivi, uye Africa neMiddle East, kune rimwe divi. 

Makakatanwa aya akasvika pakakwirira panguva yeCCIDID-19 dambudziko rakatenderedza nyaya yekuregedzerwa kwenguva pfupi kwekodzero dzepfuma yekudzivirira COVID-19. Chokwadi, European Union yaive mumwe wevapikisi vakuru vekuregererwa uku. Vatungamiri vemuAfrica vakabva vapomera mhosva yekuhodherwa kwejekiseni, uye Mutungamiri weNamibia, Hage G. Geingob, vakashora mamiriro e "jekiseni rerusaruraganda." Achiziva nezvedambudziko rehutano iri, Ursula von der Leyen akavimbisa mari inosvika bhiriyoni imwe yekudyara kubva kuEuropean Union kusimbisa huwandu hwekugadzira vaccine muAfrica, kutanga nekupa mari kwenzvimbo dzekugadzira vaccine muSouth Africa, Senegal, Egypt, Morocco, neRwanda.

mhedziso

Nepo hurukuro dzechipopu pamativi ese eMedithera dzichishora kutyisidzirwa nemuvakidzani wekumaodzanyemba mukutaura kuri kure-kurudyi muEurope, kana muvakidzani wekuchamhembe mukupokana nehukoloni hwemhirizhonga muAfrica, kudyidzana pakati peAfrican Union neEuropean Union kunoratidzika kunge kuri. iva padanho rinonakidza rekuvaka hukama hwakanaka pakati pemakondinendi maviri. Saka, zviri pachena kuti zvinofarirwa nevakawanda zvinogovaniswa nevanhu venzvimbo mbiri dzenzvimbo, masangano, uye zvematongerwo enyika.

Izvi zvinofarirwa nevakawanda, zvichiwedzerwa munyika ine polarized, makwikwi, uye ine huturu hwepasi rose, zvinomanikidza kufunga patsva nekugadzirisa zvakadzama mubatanidzwa unosunga AU neEU. Kugadziridzwa uku kunoratidza chishuwo chakasimba kubva kuvagari vemuAfrica nevatungamiriri kuwana hutongi, rusununguko, uye kufunga. Zvakadaro, zvipingamupinyi zvemaumbirwo uye dzimwe nguva zvepfungwa zvichiri kutadzisa shanduko iyi yemasangano, yehupfumi, uye yezvematongerwo enyika. Kungotarisa mepu inoratidza fungidziro yeIMF yekugovaniswa kweGDP yepasi rose inoratidza kusaenzana kwakadzika kwechimiro pakati pemugove unomiririrwa neAfrica zita reGDP zvichienzaniswa neinomiririrwa neEuropean zita reGDP. 

VeEurope, vachiziva nezve asymmetry iyi, vatotanga kufunga zvakare hukama nekondinendi yeAfrica kwemakore akati wandei. Uku kushanduka kweparadigm kunoonekwa mukutaurirana kwaKurume 9, 2020, "Kuenda kune Yakazara Strategy neAfrica," mukuvandudza mutemo mutsva wekutengeserana weEU, mukugadzwa kweStrategic Compass, mukugadzira Team Europe, kana ne kusikwa kweNDICI.Zvisinei, iyi summit yechitanhatu yeAU-EU inovhura nzira yekuchinja kwenhoroondo mukushanda kwemubatanidzwa uyu, zvichiratidza kusimuka kwe6 ° kubva kune budiriro yerubatsiro runobva pahukama hweanopa-mubatsiri kuenda kune yakaenzana- ku-equal kubatana.

Iyi shanduko yakadzama ichatanga kuitika kuburikidza nekutarisisazve kwekudyidzana kubva kune rubatsiro kuenda kune kutengeserana nekudyara. Mupfungwa iyi, vanoverengeka vakuru vezvehupfumi vemuAfrica vakaburitsa op-ed muLe Point, vachitsanangura kuti "Capital inofanira kunge iri pamwoyo weEuropean zano rekusimudzira kondinendi." Vakasimbisa kuti "kudyara kweEurope, kana kutungamirirwa neuchenjeri, kunogona kuva mashizha ane simba ekukurudzira hutsva, kusimbisa zvivakwa, uye kukurudzira kukura kwehupfumi muAfrica. Africa, kune rumwe rutivi, ine zvakawanda zvokupa uye ine vanhu vakasiyana-siyana uye zviwanikwa." 

Zvisinei, kugonesa kubatana kwakanaka uku, vokuEurope vanofanira kusiya maonero avo okuwedzeredza engozi muAfrica. Uku kuwedzeredza kwenjodzi kunokanganisa kukwezva kwenyika dzemuAfrica, zvichiita kuti mutengo wemari urambidze kune vanoisa mari, nemitengo yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura muEurope kana USA. Masangano ezviyero, vatambi vakakosha mukuita uku, saka vanofanirwa kutora nzira yakasarudzika uye yakadzikama. Uku kuwedzera kwekudyara kweEurope kunotarisirwa kutora zvakanyanya kukoshesa kwekondinendi yeAfrica, kunyanya maererano nekuwana simba munharaunda umo 43% yevanhu vachiri kushaya magetsi.

Kubudirira kweAfrica kunoenderana nazvo. Uku kusimudzirwa kwezvivakwa uye kufambiswa kwehunyanzvi kunotarisirwa kuchaita kuti Africa ibatsirike zvakanyanya kubva mukukosha kwakawedzerwa kwekugadzirwa kwayo, kuenzanisa hukama pakati pemakondinendi maviri. Pakupedzisira, kunze kwekugadzirisa kwehupfumi uku, mhinduro huru dzekugadzirisa hukama hunovaka uye kukunda kukanganisa kwemakumi emakore apfuura zvingavawo mukuderedza mukaha uripo pakati pe "zvisungo nekuziva," tichiziva kusiyana pazvinomuka, uye kutonga nzvimbo dzinopokana neruremekedzo. 

Zvizhinji, kuongorora hurongwa hwekudyidzana kweUA-EU nekubva kubva kuvatambi vemasangano uye vehurumende kuenda kumubatanidzwa unosanganisira vamwe vatambi vakazvimiririra uye masangano everuzhinji kunogonawo kubvumidza kufunga kwakadzama kwekushanda kwehukama pakati pemakondinendi maviri. Mupfungwa iyi, Hervé Berville, mutevedzeri weFrance anoona nezvekurwisa kusaenzana kwepasirese uye mutauriri weDare Rezvekune dzimwe nyika, akadana "kubvisa hukama neAfrica" ​​nekuita "zvirongwa zvemhedzisiro," zvichibva pa "innovation". uye ongororo," uye veruzhinji vanovimba zvizere.

© Jean CLARYS, 2024. Kodzero dzese dzakachengetwa

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