Afghanistan sebhiriji rinobatanidza Central neSouth Asia

Dr. Suhrob Buranov kubva kuTashkent State University yeOriental Studies anonyora pamusoro pedzimwe nharo dzezvesayenzi pamusoro pekuti Afghanistan ndeyechikamu chakakosha cheCentral kana South Asia. Pasinei nenzira dzakasiyana, nyanzvi inoedza kuona basa reAfghanistan sebhiriji rinobatanidza nzvimbo dzeCentral neSouth Asia.

Mhando dzakasiyana dzenhaurirano dziri kuitika pasi peAfghanistan kuti ive nerunyararo uye kugadzirisa hondo inogara kwenguva refu. Kubviswa kwemauto ekunze kubva kuAfghanistan uye kutanga panguva imwe chete yenhaurirano dzeAfghan, pamwe nekunetsana kwemukati nekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika ino, zviri kunyanya kufarira kwesainzi. Naizvozvo, tsvagiridzo yakanangana nemamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika ehurukuro dzerunyararo dzeAfghan uye kukanganisa kwemasimba ekunze pane zvemukati meAfghanistan. Panguva imwecheteyo, nzira yekucherechedza Afghanistan kwete sekutyisidzira rugare rwepasi rose nekuchengeteka, asi sechikonzero chemikana yakarongeka yekusimudzira Central neSouth Asia yakava chinhu chinokosha chekutsvakurudza uye yakaita kuti kushandiswa kwemaitiro anobudirira a zvakakosha. Panyaya iyi, nyaya dzekudzoreredza chinzvimbo chenhoroondo yeAfghanistan yemazuva ano mukubatanidza Central neSouth Asia, kusanganisira kuwedzera kukurumidza kwemaitiro aya, inoita basa rakakosha mudhipatimendi reUzbekistan.

Afghanistan inyika isinganzwisisike munhoroondo yayo uye nhasi, yakavharirwa mumitambo mikuru yezvematongerwo enyika nekunetsana kwemukati. Nharaunda inogara Afghanistan inongoerekana yave nechakanaka kana chakashata maitiro ekuchinja kwegeopolitical kondinendi yese yeAsia. Mumiriri weFrance Rene Dollot akambofananidza Afghanistan ne "Asian Switzerland" (Dollot, 1937, p.15). Izvi zvinotibvumira kusimbisa kuti munguva yayo, nyika ino ndiyo yaive nyika yakagadzikana pane kondinendi yeAsia. Sokurondedzera kunoita munyori wePakistan Muhammad Iqbal, “Asia imvura zhinji nemaruva. Afghanistan moyo wayo. Kana pane kusagadzikana muAfghanistan, Asia haina kugadzikana. Kana paine rugare muAfghanistan, Asia ine runyararo ”(Mwoyo weAsia, 2015). Tichifunga nezvemakwikwi emasimba makuru uye kupokana kwezvido zvezvematongerwo enyika muAfghanistan nhasi, zvinotendwa kuti kukosha kwezvematongerwo enyika kwenyika ino kunogona kutsanangurwa seizvi:

-Nenzvimbo, Afghanistan iri mukati memoyo weEurasia. Afghanistan iri pedyo zvikuru neCommonwealth of Independent States (CIS), iyo yakakomberedzwa nenyika dzine zvombo zvenyukireya dzakaita seChina, Pakistan neIndia, pamwe nenyika dzine zvirongwa zvenyukireya seIran. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan neTajikistan inosvika makumi mana muzana emuganhu wenyika yose yeAfghanistan;

- Kubva pakuona kwe geo-economic, Afghanistan imharadzano yematunhu ane matura epasi rose emafuta, gasi, uranium uye zvimwe zviwanikwa. Ichi chinhu, muchidimbu, zvakare chinoreva kuti Afghanistan imharadzano yekutakura uye yekutengeserana mikoto. Nomuzvarirwo, kutungamira masimba masimba akadai seUnited States neRussia, pamwe neChina neIndia, izvo zvinozivikanwa pasi rese nekuda kwekugona kwavo budiriro huru yehupfumi, vane zvishuwo zvikuru zvegeo-economic pano;

- Kubva pane zvechiuto-maitiro ekuona, Afghanistan chinhu chakakosha chinongedzo mukuchengetedzeka kwedunhu nepasirese. Chengetedzo uye nyaya dzemauto munyika ino ndedzimwe dzezvinangwa uye zvinangwa zvakaiswa nezvimiro zvine simba seNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) neCIS. .

Iyo geopolitical chimiro chedambudziko reAfghan nderekuti, mukuwirirana, rinosanganisira huwandu hwakawanda hwemauto epamba, edunhu uye epasirese. Nekuda kweizvi, dambudziko rinogona kubatanidza zvinhu zvese kuita basa guru mukuratidzwa kweiyo geopolitical theories uye pfungwa. Izvo zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti maonero ezvematongerwo enyika padambudziko reAfghan uye nzira dzekugadzirisa kwayo hazvisati zvave kusangana nemhedzisiro inotarisirwa. Mazhinji emaitiro aya uye maonero anopa matambudziko akaomarara achiratidzira zvakaipa zvedambudziko reAfghan. Izvi pachazvo, zvinoratidza kudiwa kwekududzira dambudziko reAfghan kuburikidza nedzidziso dzinovaka uye maonero esainzi ane tariro anobva pamaitiro echizvino-zvino serimwe remabasa ekukurumidzira. Kucherekedza maonero edzidziso nemaitiro atinopa pazasi anogona kupawo mamwe manzwisisiro esainzi mudzidziso nezveAfghanistan:

"Afghan dualism"

Kubva pamaonero edu, iyo theoretical approach ye "Afghan dualism" (Buranov, 2020, p.31-32) inofanira kuwedzerwa mune runyorwa rwemaonero ezvematongerwo enyika paAfghanistan. Zvinoonekwa kuti musimboti wedzidziso ye "Afghan dualism" inogona kuratidzwa nenzira mbiri.

1. Afghan national dualism. Maonero ane gakava pamusoro pekugadzwa kweAfghan statehood pahwaro hwehurumende kana hutongi hwemadzinza, humwechete kana hwemubatanidzwa, hutsvene hwechiIslam kana hutongi hwejekerere, dzekuMabvazuva kana dzekuMadokero dzinoratidza hunyambiri hwenyika hweAfghan. Ruzivo rwakakosha nezve hunyambiri hwemamiriro ehurumende yenyika yeAfghanistan inogona kuwanikwa mukutsvagisa kwenyanzvi dzinozivikanwa dzakadai saBarnett Rubin, Thomas Barfield, Benjamin Hopkins, Liz Vily uye nyanzvi yeAfghan Nabi Misdak (Rubin, 2013, Barfield, 2010, Hopkins, 2008, Vily, 2012, Misdak, 2006).

2. Afghan region dualism. Zvinogona kuonekwa kuti Afghan region dualism inoratidzwa nenzira mbiri dzakasiyana dzekubatana kwenzvimbo yenyika ino.

AfSouthAsia

Zvinoenderana nemaitiro ekutanga, Afghanistan chikamu chedunhu reSouth Asia, iro rinoongororwa nemaonero edzidziso eAf-Pak. Zvinozivikanwa kuti izwi rekuti "Af-Pak" rinoshandiswa kureva nyaya yekuti nyanzvi dzeAmerica dzinotora Afghanistan nePakistan senhandare imwe chete yezvematongerwo enyika. Iro izwi rakatanga kushandiswa zvakanyanya muzvidzidzo zvevadzidzi mumakore ekutanga ezana ramakore re21 kutsanangura mutemo weUS muAfghanistan. Sekureva kwemishumo, munyori weiyo pfungwa ye "Af-Pak" mumiriri weAmerica Richard Holbrooke. Muna Kurume 2008, Holbrooke akataura kuti Afghanistan nePakistan dzinofanirwa kucherechedzwa senhandare yemauto-yezvematongerwo enyika nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera:

1. Kuvepo kwenzvimbo yemitambo yemauto pamuganhu weAfghanistan nePakistan;

2. Nyaya dzemuganhu dzisina kugadziriswa pakati peAfghanistan nePakistan pasi pe "Durand Line" muna 1893;

3. Kushandiswa kwehurumende yakazaruka yemuganhu pakati peAfghanistan nePakistan (kunyanya "nzvimbo yedzinza") nemauto eTaliban nemamwe magandanga network (Fenenko, 2013, p.24-25).

Uyezve, zvakakosha kuti Afghanistan inhengo yakazara yeSAARC, sangano guru rekubatanidzwa kweSouth Asian region.

AfCentAsia

Zvinoenderana neyechipiri maitiro, Afghanistan inzvimbo chikamu chakakosha cheCentral Asia. Semaonero edu, zvine musoro nesainzi kuidaidza kuti imwe nzira yeizwi AfSouthAsia ine izwi rekuti AfCentAsia. Pfungwa iyi izwi rinotsanangura Afghanistan neCentral Asia sedunhu rimwechete. Mukuongorora Afghanistan sechikamu chakakosha chedunhu reCentral Asia, zvinofanirwa kutarisisa kune zvinotevera nyaya:

- Geographical chimiro. Zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yayo, Afghanistan inodaidzwa kuti "Moyo weAsia" sezvo iri pakati peAsia, uye nedzidziso inomiririra dzidziso yaMackinder's "Heartland". Alexandr Humboldt, musayendisiti weGermany uyo akaunza izwi rokuti Central Asia kusayenzi, akatsanangura zvakadzama makomo, mamiriro ekunze uye chimiro chenharaunda, kusanganisira Afghanistan pamepu yake (Humboldt, 1843, p.581-582). Muchinyorwa chake chechiremba, Capt. Joseph McCarthy, nyanzvi yemauto eAmerica, anotaura kuti Afghanistan inofanira kuonekwa kwete sechikamu chaicho cheCentral Asia, asi semwoyo usingagumi wenharaunda (McCarthy, 2018).

- Nhoroondo chikamu. Matunhu emazuva ano Central Asia neAfghanistan aive dunhu rakabatana panguva yehurumende yeGreco-Bactrian, Kushan Kingdoms, Ghaznavid, Timurid, uye Baburi dynasties. Purofesa weUzbek Ravshan Alimov mubasa rake anopa semuenzaniso kuti chikamu chikuru cheAghanistan yemazuva ano chaive chikamu cheBukhara Khanate kwemazana emakore, uye guta reBalkh, kwakava kugara kwevadyi venhaka yeBukhara Khan (khantora). ) (Alimov, 2005, p.22). Pamusoro pezvo, makuva evanofunga zvikuru vakaita saAlisher Navoi, Mavlono Lutfi, Kamoliddin Behzod, Hussein Boykaro, Abdurahmon Jami, Zahiriddin Muhammad Babur, Abu Rayhan Beruni, Boborahim Mashrab ari munzvimbo yeAfghanistan yemazuva ano. Vakaita mupiro unokosha kubudiriro, pamwe chete nezvisungo zvetsika uye zvakavhenekerwa zvavanhu vomunharaunda yose. Munyori wenhau dzakaitika wechiDutch Martin McCauley anoenzanisa Afghanistan neCentral Asia ne "Siamese mapatya" uye anogumisa kuti hazviparadzanisiki (McCauley, 2002, p.19).

- Kutengeserana nehupfumi. Afghanistan inzira uye musika usina kuvhurwa unotungamira dunhu reCentral Asia, iro rakavharwa mune zvese, kune zviri pedyo zviteshi zvegungwa. Munzira dzose, izvi zvinovimbisa kubatanidzwa kwakazara kweCentral Asia nyika, kusanganisira Uzbekistan, muhukama hwekutengeserana kwenyika, kubvisa kumwe kuvimba kwehupfumi kune ekunze.

- Ethnical chimiro. Afghanistan imusha kumarudzi ese eCentral Asia. Chinhu chakakosha chinoda kutariswa ndechekuti maUzbek muAfghanistan ndiro dzinza rakakura kwazvo pasi rose kunze kweUzbekistan. Chimwe chinhu chakakosha ndechekuti maTajik akawanda anogara muAfghanistan sezvo maTajik akawanda anogara muTajikistan. Izvi zvakakosha zvakanyanya uye zvakakosha kuTajikistan. Afghan Turkmen ndeimwe yemadzinza makuru akanyorwa muAfghan Constitution. Uye zvakare, vanopfuura chiuru veKazakhs neKyrgyz vanobva kuCentral Asia parizvino vanogara munyika.

- Chimiro chemitauro. Ruzhinji rwevagari veAfghan vanotaura mumitauro yeTurkic nePersian inotaurwa nevanhu veCentral Asia. Zvinoenderana neBumbiro reMitemo reAfghanistan (Bumbiro reIRA, 2004), mutauro weUzbek une chimiro chemutauro wepamutemo muAfghanistan chete, kunze kweUzbekistan.

- Tsika dzechivanhu uye zvechitendero. Tsika uye tsika dzevanhu veCentral Asia neAfghanistan dzakafanana uye dziri pedyo zvikuru kune mumwe nemumwe. Semuenzaniso, Navruz, Ramadan uye Eid al-Adha inopembererwa zvakaenzana muvanhu vese vedunhu. Islam inosunganidza vanhu vedu pamwechete. Chimwe chezvikonzero zvikuru zveizvi ndechekuti chikamu che90% chevagari venzvimbo iyi vanoreurura chiIslam.

Nechikonzero ichi, sezvo kuedza kwazvino kusanganisa Afghanistan mumaitiro edunhu muCentral Asia kunowedzera, zvakakosha kuti titarise kukosha kwetemu iri uye kufarirwa kwayo mumatunhu esainzi.

hurukuro

Kunyangwe maonero akasiyana nemaitiro enzvimbo yeAfghanistan aine hwaro hwesainzi, nhasi chinhu chekuongorora nyika ino kwete sechikamu cheCentral kana South Asia, asi sebhiriji rinobatanidza matunhu maviri aya, chinhu chakakosha. Pasina kudzoreredza basa rekare reAfghanistan sebhiriji rinobatanidza Central neSouth Asia, hazvigoneke kukudziridza kudyidzana kwematunhu, kubatana kwekare uye kwehushamwari pamiganhu mitsva. Nhasi, maitiro akadaro ari kuita chinhu chinodiwa chekuchengetedza uye budiriro inoenderera muEurasia. Mushure mezvose, runyararo muAfghanistan ndiyo hwaro chaihwo hwerunyararo nebudiriro muCentral neSouth Asia. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, pane kudiwa kuri kukura kwekubatanidza kuedza kweCentral neSouth Asia nyika mukugadzirisa matambudziko akaoma uye akaomarara akatarisana neAfghanistan. Panyaya iyi, zvakakosha zvikuru kuita zvinotevera zvakakosha mabasa:

Kutanga, nzvimbo dzeCentral neSouth Asia dzakasungwa nehukama hurefu hwenhoroondo uye zvido zvakafanana. Nhasi, zvichibva pane zvatinofarira isu tese, tinozviona  sechido chekukurumidzira uye chakakosha kutanga chimiro chenhaurirano "Central Asia + South Asia" pamwero wemakurukota ekunze, ane chinangwa chekuwedzera mikana yenhaurirano dzezvematongerwo enyika uye kubatana kwakasiyana-siyana.

Chechipiri, zvakafanira kukurumidza kuvakwa uye kushandiswa kweTrans-Afghan Transport Corridor, inova chimwe chezvinhu zvakakosha mukuwedzera kuwirirana uye kubatana muCentral neSouth Asia. Nedonzvo rekuzadzisa izvi, munguva pfupi iri kutevera tichada kukurukura nezvekusainwa kwezvibvumirano zvepasi rose pakati penyika dzese dzedunhu redu nemari yezvirongwa zvekufambisa. Kunyanya, mapurojekiti echitima eMazar-e-Sharif-Herat neMazar-e-Sharif-Kabul-Peshawar haangobatanidza Central Asia neSouth Asia chete, asi achaitawo mupiro unoshanda mukugadzirisa hupfumi nemagariro eAfghanistan. Nechinangwa ichi, isu tinofunga kuronga iyo Trans-Afghan Regional Forum muTashkent.

Chechitatu, Afghanistan ine mukana wekuve chain huru yesimba mukubatanidza Central neSouth Asia nemativi ese. Izvi, hongu, zvinoda kuwirirana kwemapurojekiti emagetsi eCentral Asia uye kuenderera kwavo kumisika yeSouth Asia kuburikidza neAfghanistan. Panyaya iyi, panodiwa kuita mapurojekiti akabatana akadai seTAPI trans-Afghan gasi pombi, iyo CASA-1000 simba rekufambisa chirongwa uye Surkhan-Puli Khumri, inogona kuve chikamu chayo. Kubva nekuda kweichi chikonzero, isu tinokurudzira kuumba pamwe chete chirongwa chesimba REP13 (Regional Energy Chirongwa cheCentral neSouht Asia). Nekutevera chirongwa ichi, Afghanistan yaizoita sebhiriji muCentral neSouth Asia simba rekubatana.

Chechina, isu tinokurudzira kuita musangano wepagore wepasi rose pamusoro pemusoro we "Afghanistan mukubatanidza Central neSouth Asia: nhoroondo yezvakaitika nemikana inotarisirwa". Munzira dzose, izvi zvinoenderana nezvido uye zvishuwo zvevagari veAfganistan, pamwe chete nevanhu veCentral neSouth Asia.

References

1. "Mwoyo weAsia" ─ kupikisa kutyisidzira kwekuchengetedza, kukurudzira kuwirirana (2015) DAWN bepa. Yakadzorerwa kubva https://www.dawn.com/news/1225229
2. Alimov, R. (2005) Central Asia: zvinowanzofarira. Tashkent: Kumabvazuva.
3. Buranov, S. (2020) Geopolitical mativi ekutora chikamu kweUzbekistan mumaitiro ekudzikamisa mamiriro ezvinhu muAfghanistan. Dissertation yeChiremba wePhilosophy (PhD) muPolitical Science, Tashkent.
4. Dollot, René. (1937) L'Afghanistan: histoire, tsananguro, moeurs et coutumes, folklore, fouilles, Payot, Paris.
5. Fenenko, A. (2013) Matambudziko e "AfPak" mune zvematongerwo enyika. Journal yeMoscow University, hukama hwepasirese uye zvematongerwo enyika, №2.
6. Humboldt, A. (1843) Asie centrale. Recherches sur les chaines de montagnes et la climatologie compare. Paris.
7. Mc Maculey, M. (2002) Afghanistan neCentral Asia. Nhoroondo Yemazuva Ano. Nhoroondo ye Pearson Education Limited

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