Musangano weNinth WTO Ministerial Conference (Bali, Indonesia, 3-6 Zvita 2013)

Musangano wechipfumbamwe weWorld Trade Organisation (WTO) Ministerial Conference (MC9) uchaitirwa muBali, Indonesia, kubva musi wa3 kusvika 6 Zvita.

Nyaya huru pachirongwa

Basa riri kuenderera mberi nedonzvo rekusvika pakubvumirana pane zvakatevedzana zvingave danho rekutanga kusvika pakupera kweDoha Round (Doha Development Agenda - DDA). Mbiru nhatu huru dzebasa ndeidzi:

1. Kufambisira mberi kwekutengeserana: ichi chingave Chibvumirano chitsva cheWTO chaizovandudza maitirwo etsika uye kubuda pachena nechinangwa chekusimudzira kufamba-famba kwezvinhu.
2. Zvekurima, kusanganisira kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu, kukwikwidza kunze kwenyika, uye zvimwe zvine chekuita nemitero (Tariff Rate Quota (TRQ) manejimendi);
3. Budiriro, inosanganisira akati wandei anobatsira, kunyanya, kuNyika Dzisina Kubudirira (LDCs) munzvimbo dzakadai semitemo yekwakabva, masevhisi nezvimwe.

Rutivi rwakasiyana rwebasa nderenhaurirano dzekuongorora kweInformation Technology Agreement (ITA), kwatinotarisira kuona kufambira mberi.

Musangano uyu unotarisirwa zvakare kubvumidza kupinda kweYemen kuWTO. Yemen ichave nhengo ye160th yesangano.

Kutungamira Kwekutengesa

Zvinogona kubatsira

Munyika zhinji dzichiri kusimukira, mutengo wemaitiro ekutengeserana unosvika 4-5 % yemitengo yese yekutengeserana kwekutengeserana. Izvi zvinofananidzwa zvisina kunaka nemutengo weavhareji yemitengo yemazuva ano pakutengeserana kwezvinhu zvemaindasitiri munyika dzakabudirira ingori 3.8%. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, kubva kumapato makumi maviri nenomwe kusvika ku27, uye anosvika makumi mana magwaro etsika, anobatanidzwa mune imwechete yekupinza kana kutumira kunze. Kuchengetedzwa kunounzwa nekufambiswa kwekutengeserana kwenyika dzichiri kusimukira kunosvika ku30 bhiriyoni pagore. Maererano neOECD chibvumirano cheAmbitious Trade Facilitation chinogona kuderedza mutengo wekutengesa wakazara ne40% muhupfumi hwepamusoro uye ne325-10% munyika dzichiri kusimukira. Kunyangwe kuderedzwa kudiki kwemitengo yekutengeserana kwepasirese kune zvakakosha pamari yepasirese.

Mune mamwe matunhu ari kusimukira, zvichiri kuoma, kureba uye kudhura kutakura zvinhu mudunhu rese, pane kubva mudunhu kuenda kuEurope. Mamiriro acho akanyanya kuomera nyika dzakavharirwa nyika - tora, semuenzaniso, Chad, Malawi kana Uganda. Kufambisa kutengeserana kunogona kuguma nekuwedzera masevhisi senge matura ekufambiswa kwetsika mumachiteshi ekupinda: zvivakwa zvakadaro zvakatoratidza kubatsira muWest Africa kune nyika dzakavharirwa dzakaita seMali, Niger kana Burkina Faso.

Kuitwa kweChibvumirano, uye kwematanho ekurutsidzira kutengeserana kazhinji, kwaizounza kuwedzera kwekutengesa kwese kuyerera, zvese zvekutengesa kunze uye kunze kwenyika; kuunganidzwa kwemari yepamusoro (nekuda kwekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekutengesa, uye huwandu hwepamusoro hwekuona hutsotsi); kukurumidza kudzoka kwemari yekutanga mari yekuvandudza maitiro; kufambiswa zvakanaka kwetsika dzemitero. Zvakare, kutonga kwemutemo kunopa kune yakagadzikana bhizinesi nharaunda uye inokwezva Kunze Direct Investments.

Zvinhu zvikuru zvekufambisa kutengeserana

Zvinoenderana neOECD, "kufambisira kutengeserana" kunosanganisira "kurerutsa uye kuwiriraniswa kwenzira dzekunze dzekunze uye kunze kwenyika (sekukosheswa kwetsika, nzira dzekupa marezinesi, zvifambiso, kubhadhara, inishuwarenzi); tsigiro kumadhipatimendi ezvekubuda kunze kwenyika; nekuvandudzwa kwemitero".

Kufambisira mberi kwekutengeserana kunoreva kuvandudza mashandiro ekutengeserana netsika, kucheka mapepi matsvuku, kudzidzisa vakuru vezvetsika, kuvandudza zvivakwa, uye tekinoroji, kuitira kuti kutengeserana kuve nyore uye nekukurumidza. Zvinosanganisira nhaurirano iri nani nevebhizinesi nharaunda uye kuwiriranisa kwetsika dzetsika padanho redunhu. Zvinangwa zvekufambisa kutengeserana ndezvekusimudzira mafambiro ekutengeserana munyika dzichiri kusimukira uye kubatsira nyika dzichiri kusimukira kuti dzibatane muhupfumi hwenyika.

Chinangwa chechibvumirano cheTrade Facilitation chingave chekusimudzira kubatana mumunda wetsika, kusanganisira nekutsigira tsika dzechizvino-zvino nehunyanzvi, uye nzira dzakareruka dzekupinda nekuburitsa zvinhu; nekushandisa maturusi epasi rese nezviyero mumunda wetsika nekutengeserana; uye nekutora otomatiki / online tsika uye mamwe maitiro ekutengesa. Nyika dzakabudirira uye dzichiri kusimukira dzinogona kugovana ruzivo, kuchinjana maitiro akanaka, kugadzira uye kubatanidza dhatabhesi, kutora magwaro ekutonga, uye kurerutsa maitiro ekukwidza. Matanho ese aya achawedzera kujeka, kushanda zvakanaka, kuvimbika uye kuzvidavirira kwekushanda uye kuona kusarura.

Mari yekufambisa kutengeserana

Mari yezvivakwa nehardware yaizoganhurwa, sezvo tarisiro yaisazove pakuvaka zvivakwa zvitsva (zviteshi, nhandare dzendege, migwagwa yemotokari), asi pakushandisa zviri nani zviripo. Zvingave zvakanyanya nezve kugadziridza zvakare kwehunyanzvi hwekutungamira uye kudzidziswa kurinani uye mamiriro semuenzaniso kune zvetsika masevhisi.

Nekudaro, maererano nerutsigiro rwekupinda nekuita matanho ekufambisa kutengeserana, muna 2011, EU neNhengo dzayo dzakapa pamwe chete €163 miriyoni kutengeserana zvirongwa zvekutsigira kufambisa, kana 60% yerutsigiro rwepasi rose kufambisa kutengeserana. EU pachayo ndiyo inotungamira pasi rose kupa rubatsiro rweTrade Facilitation ne 48% yezvese muna 2011. Mukati menguva ya2008-2011, EU neNyika dzayo dziri Nhengo dzakapa paavhareji € 159 miriyoni yerutsigiro yekufambisa kutengeserana gore rega rega.

EU inenge yakagadzirira kuenda kune imwe nhanho kuti ive nechokwadi chekubudirira kwechibvumirano cheTrade Facilitation uye ine chinangwa chekuchengetedza danho rayo razvino rekutsigira kufambisa kutengeserana mukati memakore mashanu kubva pakusainwa kweTrade Facilitation Agreement, inoti. € 400 mamiriyoni mumakore mashanu,. Kuve nechokwadi chekutevedzwa kweChibvumirano cheTrade Facilitation pachacho zvinoreva mari shoma isingadariki miriyoni imwe yenyika. Pakazere, mari inofungidzirwa kuti inosvika mamiriyoni zana emari inodiwa kuti iite zvinhu zveChibvumirano. Zvakare tichifunga nezve mutengo wemidziyo nevashandi, mari inodiwa yaizokwira kusvika pamadhora bhiriyoni imwe mumakore mashanu.

Rutsigiro rweEU runopindura zvichemo zverubatsiro kubva kunyika dzinonyanya kuda kutevedzera uye kuwana pundutso yakazara yechibvumirano chekukura nebudiriro. Ichanyanya kupihwa kuburikidza neyakajairwa nzira dzerubatsiro dzeEU, kunyangwe EU yakagadzirira kupa mupiro unosvika zviuru makumi matatu emamiriyoni emadhora kunzvimbo yakatsaurirwa kutengeserana kwenyika dzepasirese kuitira zviito zvekukurumidzira kuenzanisa mitemo nemaitiro munyika dzichiri kusimukira kuChibvumirano chitsva. .

Rutsigiro rweEU ruchapihwa muhurongwa hweRubatsiro rwayo rweTrade-Related Assistance kunyika dzichiri kusimukira. Parizvino EU iri kushanda pakugova kwerubatsiro rwayo rwebudiriro yenguva ye2014-2020, uye saka nguva yakwana yekuti nyika dzichiri kusimukira dziratidze zvavanoda pakutengeserana, kusanganisira kufambisa kutengeserana, mumagadzirirwo adzo ebudiriro uye kuvasanganisa mune zvavanokoshesa kuEU. rubatsiro rwenguva 2014-2020. Rubatsiro rweEU ruchapihwa mari muchidimbu kubva mubhajeti reEU, zvichienderana nekubvumidzwa kwezvishandiso zvemutemo zvinodiwa uye chikamu kubva kuEuropean Development Fund (EDF), parizvino iri kubvumidzwa nenyika dziri nhengo.

Mienzaniso mukufambisa kwekutengeserana

Kutengeserana kwakanyanya kunotadzisa nyika dzichiri kusimukira kugona kutengesa kunze kwenyika. Semuenzaniso, mitengo yekufambisa muEast Africa iri paavhareji 80% yakakwira kupfuura muUS neEurope. Zvinodhura zvakanyanya kutamisa mudziyo kubva kuMombasa uchienda kuKampala sezvazvinoita kubva kuMombasa kuenda kuShanghai. Makwikwi anongokoshawo pakutakura marori. Kazhinji haisi chinhambwe, asi kukwikwidza mumusika kunosarudza mitengo. Vatengesi vari munyika dzichiri kusimukira dzakavharirwa vanogona kutarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaipa kana kuti kureba, asi mari yakakwirira iri muchikamu chikuru nekuda kwemaitiro asina kukwana ekufambisa.

KuChad, kupinza zvinhu kunze kwenyika kunotora mazuva zana, munyika dzeEU dzinoita zvakanaka munhu anotora zvinhu kunze kwenyika anoda mazuva mashanu kuti agamuchire zvinhu zvake. Ndicho chikonzero kufambisa kutengeserana kwakakosha mukusimudzira kugona kwekunze kwenyika dzichiri kusimukira. Semuyenzaniso, kunonoka kunonoka kwemuganhu kunogona kuwedzera kushanda zvakanaka: Trade Investment Facility muLesotho ("One Stop Shop" inotsigirwa neOECD neEU) ikozvino inoshandisa zvikumbiro mumaminetsi gumi nemashanu kwete mazuva manomwe, uye vatengesi vanozadza mapeji maviri e mafomu pachinzvimbo chemakumi maviri nenhatu. Maitiro akanaka, ane ma-one-stop border posts, anoratidzwawo muZambia neZimbabwe kumuganhu weChirundu, kana kumuganhu weSouth Africa neMozambique pakati peRessano Garcai neLebombo. Kuvandudzwa kwemaitiro etsika kwakakoshawo: izvo zvingango bhenefiti kubva kushanduko yekufambisa kutengeserana hazvigumiri kune yakakwira kunze kwenyika. Pfuma yeruzhinji inogona kuva mukundi mukuru. Vakafanobata chigaro chemukuru anoona nezvekuburitswa kwemashoko muUganda, VaPeter Malinga, vanoti mabhindauko ari kuitwa nenyika yavo mukuvandudza kufambiswa kwemitero nekuderedza huwori akabatsira kuti mari inopinda mucustoms iwedzere nezvikamu makumi maviri nezvina kubva muzana.ⁱ

Mimwe mienzaniso: muMorocco, kuburitsa mudziyo pachiteshi chengarava cheCasablanca kwaida mazuva gumi nemasere kusvika makumi maviri muna 18. Mushure mekuchinja kwakawanda, izvi zvakaderera kusvika maawa maviri chete paavhareji - kuwedzera kwesimba rekugadzirisa zvakaenzana nekuwedzera kwakakosha kwechiteshi. zvivako. MuCosta Rica, kubvumidzwa kwetsika kwakadonha kubva pamaawa matanhatu kusvika kunosvika maminetsi gumi nemaviri mushure mekuvandudzwa kwemaitiro.

kurima

Zvekurima zvagara zviri musimboti muDoha “Budiriro” round. Pane zvikumbiro zvina patafura paMC9 pamwe nekutengesa kwedonje inova imwe chikamu chebudiriro pasuru:

Kuchengetedzwa kwezvibodzwa zveveruzhinji nechinangwa chekuchengetedza chikafu

Chibvumirano cheWTO chezvekurima chinobata nerubatsiro kuvarimi (rutsigiro rwemumba) nekuisa mari pazvinhu zvinogona kukanganisa kutengeserana (zvinodaidzwa kuti Amber Box). Zvisiri- kana zvishoma-kutengesa-kukanganisa matanho (Green Bhokisi) hazvibvumidzwe kubva kune idzi caps.

Dzimwe nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzinoshandisa masisitimu ekuchengetedza hupfumi hweveruzhinji apo dzinotenga zvigadzirwa kubva kuvarimi nemitengo yakatarwa (inotungamirwa - kureva isiri yemusika). Izvi zvinoonekwa serutsigiro rwemutengo wemusika mukati meAmber Box uye inoda kuverengerwa mukati meAmber Box cap. Vamwe vari kutyira kuti vanogona kunge vari panjodzi yekutyora kepisi dzavo. Nhaurirano dzakanangana nedziviriro yenguva-inogumira (makore mana) kubva pakuendeswa kuWTO Dispute Settlement (kureva kuchengetedzwa kubva pakuita kwepaneru muWTO) yezvirongwa zvakadaro zvinotenga zvirimwa zvechinyakare. Mhinduro iyi (chikamu chekudzivirira chenguva pfupi) chingave chine chirevo chekuwedzera kushuma zvinodiwa kune chero nyika inoda kuishandisa, pamwe nedziviriro yekuona kuti pakange pasina kurasika-pamusoro pemhedzisiro yemasheya pamisika yepasi rose. Kuwanda kwezvidziviriro, nguva yechirevo uye chiyero chekugadzirisa kwechigarire kunofanira kukurukurwa munyaya yakafara ndiyo nyaya dzakaoma zvikuru.

General Services

Chimwe chirevo chiri patafura paBali chinosanganisira mazano ekuwedzera rondedzero yezvirongwa zvine chekuita nekuvandudzwa kwevhu uye kuchengetedzwa kwemararamiro ekumaruwa kune runyorwa rwe "General Services" inoonekwa seisiri yekutengeserana kukanganisa Green Box matanho. Zvirongwa izvi, zvine chinangwa chekusimudzira budiriro yekumaruwa pamwe nekupedza hurombo, zvine chekuita nenyika dzichiri kusimukira. Rondedzero yeGeneral Services yakanga yatovhurwa, saka chaizoitwa pano chaizova kujekesa mamiriro eGreen Box ezvirongwa zvakadaro.

Tariff Rate Quota manejimendi

Pasi peZvibvumirano zveWTO zviripo, nyika zhinji dzakaita nhaurirano dzemvumo kuti dzibvumidze kutengwa kwezvigadzirwa kubva kunze kwenyika nemutengo wakaderera pane wenguva dzose pahuwandu hwakatarwa. Aya ma quotas anotungamirwa nenyika dzinopinza munyika nenzira dzakasiyana siyana. Chikumbiro ichi chine chekuita nehutongi uhwu, nedonzvo rekuzadzisa chisungo chiripo chekuti zvikwanisike kuzadza matunhu aya nemimwe mitemo yakadzama.

Chekutanga, ine chiverengero chakati chezvisungo pamusoro pemaitiro uye pachena. Chechipiri, inopa nzira ye'underfill'. Kana iyo quota iine mwero wakaderera wekuzadza zvino nyika inogona kukumbirwa neimwe Nhengo yeWTO kuti ichinje nzira yekutonga kuti "yekutanga-uya-yekutanga kushumirwa" kwenguva yekuyedza kuona kana mwero wekuzadza wawedzera. Zvakadaro nzira iyi yekusazadzisa kuzadza pasi yaivewo nechirevo che'special and differential treatment' (S&D) icho chinobvisa zvachose nyika dzese dzichiri kusimukira kubva mairi, saka chinongoshanda kunyika dzakabudirira chete.

Chikumbiro chave patafura muBali chine chibvumirano chekutarisa zvakare kurapwa kweS&D mushure memakore matanhatu akabatana nehurongwa hwakaoma hunogona kubvumira nyika dzakabudirira kuti dzitaure kuti dzichabuda kunze kweiyo underfill mechanism mushure mekunge nguva iyoyo yapera.

Export makwikwi

Makwikwi ekunze ndeimwe yembiru dzenhaurirano dzekurima dzeWTO. Inobata kunyanya rubatsiro rwekunze kunze kwenyika (kubhadhara kunoenderana nekuita kunze kwenyika) uye "zvese matanho ekunze ane mhedzisiro yakaenzana" ayo anosanganisira kiredhiti kunze kwenyika, kiredhiti yechikwereti chekunze uye zvirongwa zveinishuwarenzi yekunze (apo njodzi dzekutengeserana munyika inopinza dzinonyorwa nerubatsiro kubva kune kunze kwenyika. nyika); rubatsiro rwechikafu rwepasi rese (apo izvi zvinopihwa "nenzira" kwete mumari kana kuti zvakasungirirwa pakutenga zvigadzirwa zvenyika inopa); uye maitiro ekutengesa kunze kwenyika mabhizimisi ekutengeserana (STEs - kureva hurumende- kana kutsigira- monopolies, apo vane masimba akasiyana kana maitiro avo anosanganisira zvinhu zvekubatsira).

Pamusangano weWTO wa2005 weHong Kong Ministerial Conference, makurukota akatara zuva ra2013 rekubviswa kwerubatsiro rwekunze kwenyika uye kuiswa kwezvirango pane zvimwe zvinhu, kuti zvizadziswe mumamiriro ezvakabuda munhaurirano dzeDDA. Sezvo DDA isati yapera, matanho aya haasati aitika. Chikumbiro chepakutanga cheBali chaive chekudzikiswa kusvika pamiganho inotenderwa kukosha kwerubatsiro rwemari kunze kwenyika uye gadziriro yekumira pahuwandu, uye zvimwe zvisungo pamutengo wekubhadhara wakanyanya wezvikwereti zvekunze, uye kupihwa kwekurapa kweS&D kunyika dzichiri kusimukira.

Chinyorwa chiri patafura yeBali chinosanganisira Chiziviso cheMinisteri chezvematongerwo enyika chinosimbisa kuzvipira kwekubvisa kwakafanana kwese kwese kwese kwerubatsiro rwekutumira kunze kwenyika uye ese matanho ekutumira kunze ane mhedzisiro yakaenzana, inokurudzira shanduko munzira iyoyo, nekupa kuzvidzora mukushandisa kwavo. Iine zvakare zvisungo zvekuwedzera pachena kunobata ese matanho emakwikwi ekunze nechinangwa chekuzivisa dzimwe nhaurirano pamusoro penyaya.

budiriro

Nhaurirano dziri mbiri dzekufambisa kutengeserana uye zvekurima dzakanangana nenyika dzichiri kusimukira. Zvakadaro, zvimwe zvisungo zviri kukurukurwa, zvichinangana zvakanyanya kusimukira, uye kunyanya nyika dzakasimukira (LDC).

Chitsauko chekuvandudza cheMC9 chinosanganisira sarudzo ina dzakananga kuLDCs:

1. Nhungamiro dzinopa maitiro maererano nemaitiro emitemo yakasarudzika yepakutanga inoshanda kune zvinotengwa kunze kwenyika kubva kuLDCs uye kupa nhungamiro pane zvinyorwa zvinodiwa uye kubuda pachena. Aka ndekekutanga kuti matanho atorwe panyaya iyi muWTO kubva kudana kweMakurukota kuHong-Kong kuti ive nechokwadi chemitemo yakajeka uye iri nyore. Sangano reEU rakareruka remitemo yakasarudzika yemabviro eLDCs yakatanga kushanda muna 2011 yakanzi semuenzaniso wemaitiro akanaka mukugadzirira sarudzo iyi.
2. Sarudzo pamusoro peKuitwa kweLDC Services' Waiver: pamusangano wekupedzisira weWTO Ministerial Conference (MC8) pakasarudzwa kuti nyika dziri nhengo dzeWTO dzipe misika yevanopa rubatsiro kubva kuLDCs - sarudzo iyi inopa gwara rekuti Nhengo dzeWTO sei. inogona kuita kuti waiver ishande ichifarira LDCs. MaLDC anokokwa kuti ape chikumbiro chemubatanidzwa kuitira kuti pave nehwaro hwedzimwe nhaurirano.
3. Sarudzo yekutsigira kuyedza kuvandudza mamiriro ekutengeserana umo nyika dzichiri kusimukira, kunyanya maLDC, dzinoshanda uye kuona rubatsiro runoshanda kunyika idzi. EU nenyika dziri munhengo dzayo ndidzo dzinopa pasi rose rubatsiro kuchikamu chedonje remuAfrica.
4. Sarudzo inokurudzira Nhengo dzeWTO kuti dziite imwe nhanho mukupa mukana kumisika isina mabasa uye quotas dzeLDCs (hurongwa hwagara huripo muEU kubva 2001, pasi pechirongwa che "Everything but Arms").

Chekupedzisira, sarudzo iri patafura pamusoro pematanho ekutarisa kuitwa kwezvisungo zvakakosha kune nyika dzichiri kusimukira muzvibvumirano zviripo zveWTO ('Monitoring Mechanism on Special and Differential Treatment'). Iyo Monitoring Mechanism nokudaro ichapa chishandiso chitsva chekuongorora mashandiro ezviyero zviripo kune nyika dzichiri kusimukira uye kubatsira mukubatanidzwa kwavo muhurongwa hwekutengeserana kwemarudzi akawanda.

Kubudirira muBali kwaizogadzira nzira yekufambira mberi mune dzimwe nhaurirano dzemarudzi akawanda, uye kuisa hwaro hweimwe nhaurirano pamusoro pechirongwa cheDoha Development Agenda (DDA).

Kuti uwane mamwe mashoko, tinya pano.

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