Simba rinokwevera pasi rinotevedzera mitemo yaNewton naEinstein, kunyangwe pachiyero chepasi rose

Nekutevera mapoka enyeredzi ari kure nemazana emamiriyoni emakore echiedza, nyanzvi yefizikisi yePenn Patricio Gallardo nevamwe vaanoshanda navo vanoona kuti mitemo yekukwevera pasi yakanyorwa naNewton naEinstein ichiri kushanda, zvichisiya mubvunzo mushoma wekuti zvinhu zvisingaoneki zverima zviripo.

Key tora kutora

• Mukuongorora kukuru kwesimba rinokwevera pasi kusvika pari zvino, nyanzvi yefizikisi yePenn Patricio Gallardo nevamwe vake vakatevera kufamba kwemaboka emagalaxy ari kure kuti vaedze kana mitemo yekukwevera pasi ichiri kushanda muzvivakwa zvikurusa muchadenga.
• Zvakabuda zvinoratidza kuti simba rinokwevera zvinhu pasi rinoita zvakafanana pahukuru hwepasi rose sezvarinoita pedyo nekwarinogara, richitevera mitemo yakatanga kutsanangurwa naIsaac Newton uye yakazogadziriswa naAlbert Einstein.
• Zvakawanikwa izvi zvinopikisa dzidziso dzakasiyana dzinoratidza shanduko dzinoita simba rinokwevera pasi kure kure.
• Chidzidzo ichi chinosimbisa nyaya yekuti muchadenga mune zvinhu zvisingaoneki zvakawanda.

Simba rinokwevera pasi, sezvinonzwisiswa nevanhu vazhinji, ndiro simba rinozivikanwa rinokwevera apuro rinodonha kuenda kuPasi. Asi kune vanoongorora nyeredzi nenyanzvi dzefizikisi, inyanzvi yekuvaka isingaonekwe inotungamira chimiro nekushanduka kwezvivakwa zvikuru zvemuchadenga pasi rose.

Kwemakumi emakore, kucherechedzwa kusinganzwisisike kwemakwara enyeredzi anofamba nekukurumidza zvisingawanzoitiki kwakamanikidza vanoongorora zvechisiko vakaita se University of Pennsylvania's Patricio A. Gallardo kuti vaongororezve nheyo dzefizikisi, vachiongorora, semuenzaniso, kana mitemo yekukwevera pasi sezvakatsanangurwa naIsaac Newton naAlbert Einstein inoshanda zvechokwadi kwese kwese.

“Nyeredzi dzemuchadenga dzave dzichitambudzwa nekusiyana kukuru muroja renyeredzi,” anodaro Gallardo. “Patinotarisa kuti nyeredzi dzinotenderera sei mukati memagalaksi kana kuti magalaksi anofamba sei mukati memagalaksi, mamwe anoita seari kufamba nekukurumidza zvakanyanya kupfuura huwandu hwezvinhu zvinoonekwa zvirimo.” 

Kusawirirana uku kunomanikidza kusarudza pakati pemhedziso mbiri dzakasimba, anotsanangura. Zvingave kuti muchadenga mune huwandu hwe "rima" guru risingaonekwe rinopa simba rekuwedzera simba regiravhiti kana kuti "maequation ekutanga egiravhiti anofanira kuchinjwa."

Zvino, tichishandisa zvakacherechedzwa kubva kuAtacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), Teresikopu yakareba ine nhurikidzwa nhatu kusvika ina yakagadzirwa nekubatsirana kwemasangano akasiyana-siyana kusanganisira vaongorori vePenn vanotungamirwa ne Mark Devlin, Gallardo nevamwe vake vakaedza simba rinokwevera pasi mumapoka emagalaxy akaparadzaniswa nemazana emamiriyoni emakore echiedza—chinoongorora simba rinokwevera pasi rakakura kusvika pari zvino.

Zvavakawana, zvakaburitswa muna Kudzokorora Mapepa Tsamba, zvinoratidza kuti simba regiravhiti rinoderera kana daro richienzaniswa nezvakataurwa naNewton uye zvakazobatanidzwa mudzidziso yaEinstein ye general relativity.

“Zvinoshamisa kuti mutemo wezvakapesana nezvikwere—wakataurwa naNewton muzana remakore rechi17 uye wakazobatanidzwa nedzidziso yaEinstein yehukama hwezvinhu—uchiri kushanda muzana remakore rechi21,” anodaro Gallardo.

Kusimbiswa kwekuti simba rinokwevera pasi rinoita sezvakafanotaurwa nedzidziso yakasimbiswa pamusoro pemadaro makuru, ari kunze kwegalaksi kunosimbisa mbiru huru yesainzi yemazuva ano, Gallardo anotsanangura: muenzaniso wepasi rose. Nekuratidza kuti dzidziso huru dzinokwevera pasi hadziparare pazviyero zvikuru, data iri rinovhara musuwo weboka redzidziso dzakadai seModified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), dzinoedza kutsanangura mafambiro epasi rose nekuchinja mitemo yesimba rinokwevera pasi.

Newton paakataura nezvehukama hwechikwere chakasiyana, hunotaura kuti simba rinokwevera pasi rinoderera zvichienderana nechikwere chedaro riri pakati pezvinhu, ainyanya kufunga nezvekutsanangura mafambiro ezvinhu muSolar System. Iyi nheyo imwechete ikozvino yakaedzwa pahukuru nedaro "raisagona kufungwa nezvaro mumazuva aNewton," anodaro Gallardo.

Kunzwisisa 'miganhu yekumhanya' yezvinhu zvose zvakasikwa

Makwara enyeredzi ari muchadenga—anopfuura mabhiriyoni mazana maviri—haafambi nenzira iyo simba regiravhiti chete rinoti anofanira kufamba nayo.

Zvichitevera pfungwa dzeNewton, nyeredzi dziri kure nepakati pegorozi dzinofanira kutenderera zvishoma nezvishoma. Pane kudaro, vaongorori venyeredzi vanoona zvakasiyana. Nzvimbo dziri kunze dzinofamba nekukurumidza kupfuura zvinhu zvinoonekwa. Kusawirirana kumwe chete uku kunoonekwa mumapoka emagorozi, uko magorozi ese anofamba nekukurumidza kupfuura huremu hwawo.

“Ndiyo nyaya huru,” Gallardo anotsanangura. “Ratidziro huru ingave yakasiyana pazviyero zvikuru, kana kuti muchadenga mune zvimwe zvinhu zvatisingakwanise kuona zvakananga.”

Kuedza simba rinokwevera pasi rose

Kuti vaedze izvi, vaongorori vakatendeukira kuongororo yeACT yechiedza chakaburitswa makore angangoita 380,000 mushure meBig Bang iyo yave ichifamba muchadenga kubvira ipapo, inozivikanwa se cosmic microwave background.

Chiedza ichi chekare pachinopfuura nepakati pemapoka makuru enyeredzi, chinochinjwa zvishoma nezvishoma nekufamba kwadzo, zvichisiya zviratidzo zvidiki zvinogona kuonekwa nevanoongorora nyeredzi. Nekuverenga kukanganiswa uku uye kuyera mafambiro aya pakati pemazana ezviuru zvemapoka akaparadzaniswa nemakumi emamiriyoni emakore echiedza, vaongorori vakaona kuti simba regiravhiti rinokweva sei zvivako zvikurusa muchadenga. Dai dzidziso dzakagadziriswa dzegiravhiti dzakadai seMOND dzaive dzakarurama, zviyero zvaizoratidza kudonha kwakatsetseka kwegiravhiti.

Asi, mhedzisiro yacho yakasvika pedyo chaipo nepfungwa dzaNewton nedzaEinstein.

Nekuti kufanotaura ikoko kwakasimba, dambudziko rehuremu husipo harigone kutsanangurwa nekuchinja simba rinokwevera pasi pacharo, zvichisimbisa nyaya yekuti chinhu chisingaonekwe—rima—chinofanira kunge chiri kupa simba rekuwedzera.

Chakavanzika chenyaya yerima

Kunzwisisa kuti rima chii chaizvo kuchiri chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru mufizikisi yemazuva ano.

"Chidzidzo ichi chinosimbisa humbowo hwekuti muchadenga mune chikamu cherima," anodaro Gallardo. "Asi hatisati taziva kuti chikamu ichocho chakagadzirwa nei."

Kuongororwa kweCMB neongororo dzemagalaxy makuru mune ramangwana kuchaita kuti nyanzvi dzefizikisi nenyanzvi dzenyeredzi dzikwanise kuyedza simba regiravhiti zvakanyatsonaka.

"Nemibvunzo yakawanda isina mhinduro, simba rinokwevera pasi richiri rimwe renzvimbo dzinonakidza dzekutsvaga. Inzvimbo inoyevedza yechisikigo," Gallardo anoseka zvake.

Patricio Gallardo inyanzvi yekutsvagisa muDhipatimendi reAstronomy neFizikisi muChikoro cheUnyanzvi neSainzi paYunivhesiti yePennsylvania.

Chidzidzo ichi chaisanganisira vaongorori vanopfuura makumi mana vanomiririra masangano munyika dzakawanda. Vaongorori vega vega vakabatsira muchidzidzo ichi vakatsigirwa nemasangano akasiyana-siyana uye masangano emari enyika, anosanganisira Kavli Institute for Cosmological Physics paYunivhesiti yeChicago, Simons Society of Fellows, US National Science Foundation (AST-2206088), NASA ROSES grant 12-EUCLID12-0004, Chile's Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) Basal project FB210003, National Research Foundation of South Africa, uye Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) kuburikidza nemagrants RGPIN-2023-05014 uye DGECR-2023-00180. Rutsigiro rwakawedzerwa rwakapihwa neSutton Family Chair muSainzi, ChiKristu neTsika paYunivhesiti yeToronto Faculty of Arts and Science. 

Chirongwa cheAtacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) chinotsigirwa zvakanyanya neUS National Science Foundation kuburikidza nemibairo yeAST-0408698, AST-0965625, uye AST-1440226 yechirongwa cheACT, pamwe nePHY-0355328, PHY-0855887, uye PHY-1214379. Mari yekuwedzera yakapihwa nePrinceton University, University of Pennsylvania, uye mubairo weCanada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) kuYunivhesiti yeBritish Columbia. Kugadzirwa kweACT multichroic detectors nemalenses kwakatsigirwa neNASA grants NNX13AE56G neNNX14AB58G, uye tsvakiridzo yedetector paNational Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) yakatsigirwa kuburikidza nechirongwa cheNIST Innovations in Measurement Science.

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