Kana runyararo rukava chiitiko: Zvematongerwo enyika kuseri kweNobel Prize

Mubairo we2025 weNobel Peace Prize wakashandura zvakare chiziviso chemhemberero kuita chiitiko chezvematongerwo enyika. Musi waGumiguru 11, Komiti yeNobel yeNorway yakakudza María Corina Machado, mutungamiri anopikisa weVenezuela uye anoshora Mutungamiri Nicolás Maduro. Sarudzo iyi yakatevera gore iro VaDonald Trump vakakurudzira pachena kuti vawane mubairo, vachitaura nezvebasa ravo mukumisa pfuti yeGaza, India-Pakistani kumisa muganhu, hurukuro dzerunyararo dzeKorea, uye danho redhipatimendi remafuta sehumbowo hwekuita runyararo. Misangano yake nevabatsiri vezvenhau vaimuratidza semunhu akakodzera kugamuchira. Komiti payakasarudza Machado, uye VaTrump vanonzi vakashora danho iri se "chiratidzo chekuMadokero chakapfeka sekutonga kwehunhu," vachiipomera mhosva yekupa mubairo pamusoro pekubudirira. White House yakatsinhira kushoropodza kwake, ukuwo Vladimir Putin akaramba mubairo uyu se "theatre yezvematongerwo enyika." Mheremhere yacho yakashandura chairehwa kuva kupemberera rugare kuva makwikwi pamusoro pesimba, chiremera, uye chiremera chetsika. Nguva ino inomutsa mubvunzo wakakura: ko mibairo yepasi rose yakaita seNobel Peace Prize inongori kukudza kwekubudirira, kana kuti zviridzwa zvinoshandiswa kuumba nhaurirano dzezvematongerwo enyika, kupesvedzera maonero, uye kubvumidza shanduko, akanyora Prof Dheeraj Sharma, Director, IIM Rohtak.

Tsvagiridzo yakapfuura uye ongororo yenhau inoratidza kuti mibairo haiwanzo kuvepo kunze kwezvematongerwo enyika. Ivo vanowanzo shanda sematurusi ekuumba rondedzero, mibairo vanobatana, uye kusimbisa simba. Zvidzidzo zverukudzo rwetsika nezvematongerwo enyika zvinoratidza kuti kuzivikanwa kunoshanduka kuita pesvedzero kana yapinda mumeso everuzhinji. Oscars inopa muenzaniso unoshamisa. Mafirimu ekuhwina uye kutaura kwekugamuchira kunowanzo kusimudzira mameseji emagariro kana ezvematongerwo enyika. Kubva post-9/11 patriotism mu The Hurt Locker kuyananisa marudzi mukati Green Book uye meseji yechikadzi ye Barbie, Danho gurusa reHollywood rave richiita senzvimbo yetsika kwenguva refu.

Iyo logic yakafanana inoshanda mudiplomacy. Mubairo weNobel Peace Prize wagara uchibatanidza mukurumbira wetsika nehurongwa hwenguva. Henry Kissinger's 1973 mubairo wakadzokorora kubviswa kweVietnam kwemauto eUS seyero yerunyararo rwepasirese. Kuzivikanwa kwa1994 kwaYassar Arafat, Shimon Peres, naYitchak Rabin kwakakwereta nhaurirano dzisina kusimba iyo aura yekufambira mberi. Mubairo wacho wakangosimbisa zvinzvimbo zvaidiwa neUS kudivi rega rega. Mubairo wa2009 waBarack Obama waipemberera vimbiso yakawanda kupfuura zvabuda uye mubairo wakapihwa wekumiririra kuve neMutungamiriri anobva kumaMuslim. Chekupedzisira, rukudzo rwaNarges Mohammadi muna 2023 rwakatsigira rutsigiro rweWestern kune kupokana muIran uye nekusimudzira maonero ekuMadokero paIran. Mibairo yeNobel yakatakura mashoko erunyararo zvishoma uye asi yakabatsira zvakanyanya mune zvematongerwo enyika. Iyi mibairo inoshandura kucherechedzwa kuve pesvedzero uye kushandisa iri simba rakapfava kukwezvera pfungwa dzeveruzhinji.

Mubairo weNobel Peace Prize wagara uchiratidzira nguva dzetariro yezvematongerwo enyika pane kusimbiswa kugadzirisa. Nyanzvi dzinoratidza maitiro mashanu akabatana anotsanangura kuti kuzivikanwa kunova sei chiremera: 1) kukwidziridzwa kwechirongwa, uko kutarisisa kwepasirese kunotarisa pamutambi mumwe chete wetsika; 2) chimiro chekufananidzira, chinoshandura pfungwa dzisinganzwisisiki kuva gamba rinozivikanwa; 3) kubvumidzwa kwemaitiro, kana mvumo yekufananidzira ikava chiremera chetsika; 4) kupararira kwetiweki, semasangano uye vateereri vanotenderedza nhamba yakasimbiswa; uye 5) kutsigirwa kwechimiro, iyo inomisikidza kuvimbika kwekufananidzira mune diplomacy uye mutemo. Zvitanho izvi, zvakatorwa kubva mukudyidzana kwekufananidzira uye dzidziso yaBourdieu yetsika capital, inoratidza kuti kutenda kunoshandura sei kuzivikanwa kuve simba. Mibairo nokudaro inoita senzira dzekuberekana kwevanhu, kushandura mukurumbira kuita pesvedzero.

Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoidza iyi Matthew Effect, uko kuzivikanwa kunowedzera kuoneka pane kugoverazve. Mubairo weNobel Peace Prize, nokudaro, unowedzera kodzero yeanogamuchira nemaonero ake. Nekudaro, vachifambisa kusundira kune yavo ajenda kudivi iro. Aya masimba edzidziso anosiyana zvakanyanya nehuzivi hwekutanga hwemubairo. Alfred Nobel pakutanga akatora Mubairo weRunyararo sekucherechedzwa kwekuyananisa kwechokwadi uye kuderedzwa kwehondo. Vavariro yake yakanga iri yehunhu uye yekubatsira vanhu, kwete yekuita, asi nekufamba kwenguva mweya wemubairo wakashanduka kubva parunyararo rwunopa mubairo rwakawanikwa kuenda kukufananidzira rugare rwunodiwa.

Mubairo unowana pesvedzero yawo zvakanyanya kubva kunguva sekubva kuchiratidzo. Seri kweichi chiremera chetsika pane dare duku reNorway. Yakagadzwa neparamende yeNorway, nhengo dzayo shanu dzinofunga zvakavanzika, nemarekodhi akaiswa chisimbiso kwemakore makumi mashanu. Gore negore, zvavanosarudza zvinokwezva vanhu pasi rose sezvo zvinobudisa nhau, hurumende, uye masangano enyika yose anokurumidza kutaura mutauro wedare racho, achiutora sechokwadi chetsika. Izvi zvinoratidzira zvinodaidzwa nevanoti vezvekutaurirana kuti agenda-setting: kugona kupesvedzera kwete kuti vanhu vanofunga sei uye kuti vangani, asi zvavanofunga nezvazvo. Nokucherechedza chimwe chikonzero, mubairo unoderedza zvimwe, uchisarudza kuti ndeapi matambudziko anoita seanokurumidza uye ndeapi anofanira kunyangarika pakuona. Simba rayo harisi mukukosha kwayo kwemari asi mukukwanisa kwayo kuronga kutarisisa kwepasirese kutenderedza rondedzero yakasarudzika yehunhu panyaya iyo Norwegian Committee inoona seyakanaka.

Asi ichi chiremera chokufananidzira hachigumi nechiziviso; inoshanduka kuburikidza nemafambisirwo enhau anoona kana kuoneka kunoshanduka kuve pamutemo unogara. Vatsvagiri vanocherekedza kuti, senge mibairo mikuru yetsika, Nobel inogadzira zvese mhedzisiro yekudoma uye inokunda mhedzisiro. Chiziviso chekutanga chinoburitsa kuwedzera mukuonekwa, mari, uye kucherechedzwa kwevamiriri, zvichiteverwa nekudzikira kana kubatanidzwa zvichienderana nekuramba kutaurwa nyaya kana kuita kwehungwaru kazhinji kana nekuraira kweavo vanofarira. Kana kufukidzwa kunopera, kutendeseka kunopera simba; painopfuurira, pesvedzero yokufananidzira inosimba kuva chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuburikidza nelenzi yekusaina dzidziso, kuzivikanwa kunotaura kuvimbika uye kuvimbika kwetsika. Neiyi nzira, iyo Nobel inoshanda seanorondedzera anowedzera, achishandura kurumbidza kwekufananidzira kuita hunhu hwemitemo uye hunhu hwehunhu kuita simba renyama.

Zvidzidzo zveEmpirical zvinoratidza kuti kuumbwa kwenhau kunotemesa maitiro chaiwo enyika. Masisitimu enhau akasiyana anovaka nyaya dzinokwikwidzana, mamwe emhemberero uye mamwe anokahadzika, achigadzira kuti nyika inodudzira sei mubairo. Magadzirirwo anotsigira anosimbisa masimba ehunhu nepo dhizaini yekutsoropodza ichiikanganisa. Izvi zvinofambirana nevezvenhau kuvaka, iyo inobata kuti pamutemo inogadzirwa kuburikidza nekudzokorora uye kubvumirana. Kudzokororwa kwega kwega kwenyaya yeNobel nevatori venhau, vamiriri, kana maNGOs kunosimbisa kutenda muhunhu hwemuhwina. Mibairo yacho inoyerwa. Kana vahwinari vachiratidzirwa nehugamba, mipiro, uye kudyidzana kwevamiriri zvinowanzosimuka. Semuyenzaniso, ongororo yedu yemukati yenhau dzepasi rose pamusoro peakahwina Mubairo weNobel Peace Prize 2025, akaitwa achishandisa NVIVO mumapepanhau makuru makumi maviri, anoratidza akati wandei ane mukurumbira madingindira. Kuongorora kunoratidza kuti nhoroondo dzinonyanya kusimbiswa ndeidzi: 1) "Venezuela inotambura pasi pehudzvinyiriri," 2) "Vanhu veVenezuela vari kutsungirira matambudziko," 3) "Machado anopikisana naTrump," 4) "Machado ndiye mutungamiri wechokwadi wevanhu veVenezuela," uye 5) "Machado akatsungirira kurwisana kwakakosha kwemunhu".

Pamwe chete, mhedzisiro yekuongorora kwedu inoratidza kuti rondedzero yambotaurwa inosimbisa mufananidzo waMachado uye inogona kuwedzera magwaro ake ekuva Mutungamiriri weVenezuela. Zvakare, rondedzero inomuratidza: 1) semutungamiri wenyika, 2) mumwe munhu anotsigirwa nemasimba makuru, 3) semunhu asina kwaakarerekera paakakwikwidza uye akakunda Trump, uye 4) ndiye mutungamiri akakodzera. Chokwadi chinogona kunge chiri kure neizvi. Mubairo weRunyararo unoshanda sezvioni-oni uye maitiro: unoratidza hutsika uye unopa simba kune avo vakatobvumidzwa nemubairo. Pazasi pane tafura inoratidza makakatanwa ambotaurwa zvakadzama:

Tafura 1 Nobel Peace Prize inoratidza mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika uye chirevo chekufananidzira pamusoro pemigumisiro yerunyararo.

Mubairo wega wega unobatsira kuvaka zvinorehwa nerunyararo munguva yayo, kazhinji uchidzokorora nhoroondo dzeunyanzvi dzemasimba enyika pane kuvapfuura. Izvi zvine simba zvinoratidza izvo zvinodaidzwa nenyanzvi dzezvekufambiswa kwemashoko kuti media-event effect, apo kufumurwa kwemashoko enhau kunoguma nekuchinja kwetsika nemagariro uye zvinzvimbo zvezvematongerwo enyika. Izvi zviito zvekufananidzira zvinounza kubvumirana kwemanzwiro uye kunyengera kwekufambira mberi. Kuzivikanwa kwa2025 kwaMaría Corina Machado kunoenderana neiyi pateni. Ichisvika pakati pekuchinja kwekubatana kwemafuta uye kuneta kwezvirango, yakadzokorora kushora kweVenezuela sehunhu uye nekodzero ichipa kusundira kwairi kuda shanduko yekutonga. Musika wemafuta uripo waona kuderedzwa kwekugadzirwa kweOPEC, kukwira kuri kuita kugadzikana kwekupihwa kwemafuta, uye kufambiswa kwenzira itsva dzekutengesa. Venezuela ndiyo yepakati-nhanho yemusika wemafuta wepasi rose sezvo iine imwe yematura makuru emafuta pasirese. Mubairo werunyararo kungangove kuedza kuenzanisa kufambira mberi kwedemocracy nezvido zvehupfumi chaizvo. Nekusimudzira chimiro chetsika chaMachado, Nobel akakurudzira hurukuro yezvetsika, kubvumira hurumende dzepasirese kururamisa zvirango zveramangwana kana zviito.

Mafambiro enhau akadzamisa kupatsanura uku. Nzvimbo dzekuMadokero dzakapemberera Machado segamba reshanduko, ukuwo vezvenhau vekuLatin America vachibvunza kana mubairo uyu wairatidza kubatana kana kupindira kwakapfava. Saka Mubairo weNobel unoshanda sechishandiso chekunyengetedza chakavharwa semhemberero, kushandura kurongeka kwezvematongerwo enyika kuita kubvumirana kwetsika. Pasi pechiratidziro pane zvakadzika midzi yekambani inotungamira zvido zvehupfumi. Nguva zhinji, maNobel Laureates anopembererwa semagamba nevagari vemunyika yavo asi gare gare kubvumirana kwavo mune zvematongerwo enyika kunova chiitiko chekutengesa.

Mumakore achangopfuura, kuwana simba ndiyo nharo yekuti Nobel Peace Prize, nepo ichiti kusarerekera, inoshanda mukati mehurongwa hwekutonga kwetsika dzekuMadokero. Dare rayo revanhu vashanu rekuNorway, rakagadzwa neparamende uye rakasungwa nemakore makumi mashanu ekuvanzika, rinoisa simba retsika pasi rose mumaoko evashoma vakasarudzwa. Chimiro ichi chinotsigira izvo theorists vanotsanangura sehutsika hegemony, kurongeka kwehunhu hwechokwadi neWestern diplomatic ideology, uye izvo nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Raewyn Connell anodana epistemic colonialism, uko kuzivikanwa kwepasi rose kunotevera tsananguro dzekuMadokero dzekunaka. Vatsoropodzi vanonyevera kuti pasina kuvandudzwa, mubairo une ngozi kushanda sekuwedzera kwekufananidzira kwesimba panzvimbo pechiyero cherunyararo rwepasi rose. Naizvozvo, kujeka, kusiyana-siyana, uye kuongorora kwakazvimiririra kungangoderedza maonero ari kuwedzera ehunhu huripo hwetsika uye kudzoreredza kuwanda kwechokwadi.

Munguva yedigital, mubairo weNobel Peace Prize hausisiri kungorangarira chete; inotepfenyura. Chiziviso chega chega chinobatidza mafungu epasi rose emisoro, ma hashtag, uye tsinhiro inoshandura kucherechedzwa kwekufananidzira kuita kuita kwemafungiro. Kana vezvematongerwo enyika vakaita saVaTrump kana Putin vakaita, chiratidziro chinowedzera, uye runyararo rwunongove chinhu chiri kuitika. Digital media inokwidziridza manzwiro nekukurumidza kupfuura kufungisisa, ichishandura mubairo kuita yakafanorongwa-chaiyo-nguva referendamu yesimba uye hunhu. Kukudza kuzvidza kwaAung San Suu Kyi, kubata maoko kwaRabin, kana vimbiso yaObama yekuvandudzwa kunoratidza kupera kwekurwa kana zvematongerwo enyika tariro? Nekuramba tichipemberera izvo zvinoenderana nezvimiro zvesimba zvine simba, iyo Nobel inosimbisa hutongi hwehunhu hunoratidza geopolitics kupfuura iyo inodarika. Kuti urambe wakatendeka kune chiono chaAlfred Nobel cherunyararo kuburikidza nekuyananisa pane mukurumbira, mubairo unofanirwa kudzoreredza mweya wayo wepasirese uye usingatauri kune vane simba, asi kune nyika waifanira kubatanidza.

Munyori ndiye purofesa uye director weIndia Institute of Management, Rohtak, India.

**Maonero akataurwa ndeemunhu. Rubatsiro rwekutsvagisa rwakapihwa naHrithvik B. naHK Sharma kubva kuIIM Rohtak.

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