Kazakhstan, shamwari yakavimbika yeEurope munyika isina chokwadi

Kubva paEU-Central Asia Summit, hapasisina kupokana: Europe iri kutendeudzira kutarisa kwayo kunharaunda iyi-kunyanya Kazakhstan neTurkmenistan maererano nezvekufambisa. Nepo Kyrgyzstan neUzbekistan zvichikwezvawo kufarira kweEurope kwegoridhe nemaminerari akakosha, tarisiro inofanirwa kuramba iri pasimba redunhu, Kazakhstan, inobata chinzvimbo chakakosha paGungwa reCaspian.

Central Asia inobata kukosha kweEU nekuda kwenzvimbo yayo yezvematongerwo enyika, yakatarisana neChina, Russia, Iran, neAfghanistan. Pamusoro pezvo, hupfumi hweCentral Asia hunoita kuti simba rekubatana rive nzvimbo yakakosha. Kazakhstan's simba zviwanikwa, kunyanya, zvine hungwaru zvakakosha pakusiyanisa EU inopa masosi.

Kufarira kweEurope mudunhu iri kuri kuwedzera, uye hapana mubvunzo kuti Kazakhstan parizvino ndiyo yakanakisa mudiwa weEurope. Icho chokwadi chekuti Kazakhstan yakarara kumuganhu wekumabvazuva ndechimwe chinhu chiri kuumba hukama hwayo neMubatanidzwa. Kunyangwe Uzbekistan iri kuswedera pedyo nemuvakidzani wayo, Kazakhstan inoramba iri mberi zvishoma nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda. Republic of Kazakhstan, iyo yakazivisa rusununguko muna Zvita 16, 1991, yakakurumidza kuwana tarisiro kubva kunyika dzakawanda nekuda kwekukosha kwayo.

Chikonzero chikuru chekufarira uku - kubva kumatunhu ese uye vatambi vepasirese - ndiko kugona kukuru kweKazakhstan kwehupfumi, kunyanya zviwanikwa zvayo. Kazakhstan inobata goridhe rechipiri pakukura pasi rose. Iyo ine zvakare 30% yepasi rose chromium reserves, 25% yemanganese, uye 19% yelead reserves.

Kazakhstan inoonekwa seshamwari yakavimbika yeEurope. Kubva Kassym-Jomart Tokayev paakatanga kutonga muna 2019, Kazakhstan yakaona kukura kwehupfumi, hukama hwepedyo nenyika dzeEurope neTurkic, uye kuwedzera kwekushanya.

Nyika iri kuwanawo chivimbo chepasi rose nekuda kwekuvandudzwa kwayakaita. Pasi pehutungamiriri hwaTokayev, Kazakhstan yakaita shanduko huru dzinozivikanwa pasi rose sechikamu chechiono chake chekuvaka yaanodaidza kuti "Nyowani uye Yakarurama Kazakhstan."

ZVIKURU DZIDZISO: Iyo nzira inoenda kune inobudirira demokrasi

Zvirongwa zvakakosha zvakatangwa zvekusimbaradza hutongi, kuvandudza kugara zvakanaka kwevagari, uye kusimudzira hupfumi hwakasimba uye hunokwikwidza. Kuedza uku kwakaonekwa kwakabudirira, kuisa Kazakhstan semutungamiri anoremekedzwa muCentral Asia.

Nekutora hurongwa hwemutungamiri wenyika-paramende, Kazakhstan iri kuenderera mberi neshanduko yayo yedemocracy. Zvichionekwa seimwe yeshanduko dzakanyanya kukosha, nyika yakachinja kubva pamhando yepamusoro-soro yemutungamiri wenyika kuenda kuhutungamiriri-paramende muna 2022 - yakasimbiswa mukutaura kwaTokayev-yenyika.

Kazakhstan yakatanga nhevedzano yekuchinja kwezvematongerwo enyika nehupfumi kwakanangana nekushandura nyika-kubva pakupa Paramende simba, kusvika pakugovaniswa kwehupfumi, uye kuwedzera basa reMusangano weVanhu veKazakhstan. Chishuvo ndechekuita Kazakhstan ive yakagadzikana uye yakazvimirira yedunhu geopolitical simba.

Tokayev yakakwidziridza shanduko yedemocracy nekuchinja zvinokoshesa. Kuvandudzwa kwebumbiro remitemo muna Chikumi 2022 uye sarudzo dzakazotevera dzakaratidza kutanga kunovimbisa kune democrat yezvematongerwo enyika muKazakhstan.

Sarudzo iyi yakagadzira nzira yekuvandudzwa kwemitemo yesarudzo, kuunza hurongwa hwesarudzo hwakavhengana hwedare repasi reParamende (Mazhilis) uye masangano anomiririra emunharaunda (maslikhats). Aya masisitimu akaedzwa muna 2023, panguva yesarudzo dzakaitwa pasi pemhando nyowani.

Kuti aenderere mberi nekuita vagari, Tokayev akakurudzira kusarudza vakuru vepakati-chikamu chekutonga zvikamu. Muna 2023, Kazakhstan yakaita sarudzo dzayo dzekutanga dzemagavhuna ematunhu nematunhu (akims), paine vavhoti vanosvika 62.8%.

Mugore rimwe chetero, dare reConstitutional Court rakadzoserwa pabasa zvichitevera kuvandudzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kwakabvumidzwa muna 2022. Dare iri rakanga rabviswa muna 1995 rikatsiviwa neConstitutional Council. Kubva muna Ndira 2023 kusvika Kubvumbi 2024, zvikumbiro zvinodarika zviuru zvitanhatu nemazana manomwe zvakaendeswa kudare, kunyanya kubva kuvagari maererano nedzimba, vashandi, kuchengetedzwa kwevanhu, kubhuroka, uye kuwana ruzivo.

Nekuda kutsigira mabhizimisi, Hurumende iri kuparura zvirongwa zvisiri zvemari zvekusimudzira bhizimusi, kukurudzira bhizimusi remadzimai, pamwe nekupa mazano.

EU neUnited States dzakarumbidza Kazakhstan nekufambira mberi kwayo pakodzero dzevanhu uye shanduko yedemocracy, ichitaura kuti nzvimbo idzi dzakabatanidzwa ne "Kazakhstan itsva uye ine simba."

KUKURA UFUMI

Upfumi hweKazakhstan hunotarisirwa kukura ne4.6% muna 2025. Zvibvumirano zvehutano neU.

Munguva ichangopfuura, Kazakhstan yakawana imwe yenzvimbo huru pasi rose yezvinhu zvisingawanzoitiki. Dhipoziti huru yakawanikwa muKaraganda ine angangoita matura emamiriyoni makumi maviri ematani. Kumwe kuongorora kunodiwa. Nzvimbo iyi inofungidzirwa kuti ine miriyoni imwe yematani ecerium, lanthanum, neodymium, uye yttrium-anoshandiswa mumafoni efoni, makamera edhijitari, uye madhiraivha emakombuta. "Nzvimbo ina dzinotarisirwa dzakaonekwa dzine ivhu risingawanikwe inosvika matani 20," akadaro mutauriri weBazi rezveMaindasitiri neKuvaka. Kana ikasimbiswa, Kazakhstan yaizove pakati penyika nhatu dzepamusoro pasi rose munzvimbo dzisingawanzo kuchengetedzwa pasi.

KAZAKHSTAN'S MULTIVECTOR POLICY YEKUNHU ZVINHU: MUFANANIDZO WEDUKO.

Kazakhstan iri kuwedzera kuonekwa semuenzaniso wedunhu nekuda kweiyo multivector yekune dzimwe nyika mutemo. Tokayev anoenderera mberi nehurongwa uhu nekuchengetedza hukama hwakaenzana neRussia, China, US, uye EU.

Kurota kuva "Asian Geneva," Kazakhstan yakagadzira multivector diplomacy-kukurukurirana nevose nhengo dzeNATO uye vakwikwidzi vakaita seRussia neChina. Urongwa uhu hunoigonesa kuzviisa pachezvayo senzvimbo yekuenzanisa pakati pemasimba enyika.

Kazakhstan ishamwari kune masimba anopokana uye inoshanda senhandare yakangwara yekukwikwidzana pakati pevatambi vakaita seRussia, China, EU, uye NATO. Zvinoenderana nerevueconflits.com, Kazakhstan ihofori yakanyarara yedhipatimendi repasi rose.

Kazakhstan ikozvino inoshuvira kuve geopolitical hub inobatanidza East neWest. Maererano nezviremera zveKazakh, nyika yacho inofanira kuva chisungo chisipo chinobatanidza Asia neEurope—panzvimbo, mutsika, mune zvechitendero, uye mune zvoupfumi. Kweanopfuura makumi matatu emakore, Kazakhstan yakadzidzira mutemo wemultivector kuita purojekiti panguva imwe chete kuChina, Russia, Turkey, United States, uye EU, maererano neIRIS (French Institute for International and Strategic Affairs).

"Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy semuenzaniso wekugadzikana munyika isina kugadzikana” akanyora kudaro Rossi Michael.

Kupfuura ichi chiitiko chekuenzanisa, Kazakhstan yakabatsira murunyararo uye kuchengetedzeka kwedunhu, ichiratidza basa repakati rinogona kuita mudiplomacy yenyika. Kazakhstan yakapa mapuratifomu enhaurirano mumakakatanwa edunhu neepasirese, ichishandisa chimiro chayo chisina kwayakarerekera kufambisa nhaurirano.

Mumwe muenzaniso unozivikanwa ndeye Astana Peace Hurukuro paSyria, uko Kazakhstan yakabata nhaurirano kubva 2017 pakati pehurumende yeSyria, mapoka anopikisa, uye vanobatana nedzimwe nyika vakaita seRussia, Iran, neTurkey. Nepo kurwisana kweSyria kuchiri kusati kwagadziriswa, nzvimbo yeKazakhstan isina kwayakarerekera yakaita kuti ikwanise kuita hurukuro idzi. Munguva pfupi yapfuura, muna Chivabvu 2024, Kazakhstan yakapa chikuva chenhaurirano pakati peArmenia neAzerbaijan. Pakutanga mwedzi uno, Azerbaijan yakagamuchira chirevo cheKazakhstan chekuitisa hurukuro dzechibvumirano cherunyararo neArmenia muAstana.

Kazakhstan yakambopawo kuitisa nhaurirano pakati peRussia neUkraine, sekureva kwaRossi Michael.

Kazakhstan zvakare mumiriri akasimba wezvombo zvenyukireya. Mushure mekuvhara nzvimbo yekuongorora nyukireya yeSemipalatinsk muna 1991 uye nekusiya zvombo zvenyukireya zvechina-hukuru pasi rose, Kazakhstan yakarwira kusapararira padanho repasi rose.

KUKURA KWEZVINOGONA

Basa raTokayev rakanzi nekukura kwehupfumi hwenyika, kunyangwe chibvumirano muna 2020 nekuda kweCOVID-19. GDP yakakwira kubva pamadhora 181.7 bhiriyoni muna 2019 kusvika pamadhora mazana maviri nemakumi maviri nesere muna 288.1 muna 2024, neGDP per capita inosvika zviuru gumi nezvina nemazana matatu emadhora.

Kukura uku kwakakonzerwa zvakanyanya nekushandiswa kwemari neveruzhinji, nekuwedzera kwemari yehurumende uye kushandiswa. Tokayev yakaisa chinangwa chekuda kupeta GDP panosvika 2029, izvo zvingada mwero wekukura wepagore.

Kazakhstan inobata matura emafuta negasi akawanda-zviwanikwa zviviri zviri kudiwa zvakanyanya pasi rose. Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira muna 2010 kuti nyika ine mabhiriyoni makumi matatu emadhiramu emafuta akasimbiswa uye 30 trillion cubic metres egasi chaiwo. Nzvimbo yemafuta yeKashagan muGungwa reCaspian inoonekwa seimwe yezvakapfuma zvakawanikwa munguva pfupi yapfuura. Kugadzirwa kwayo kweoiri chete kunopfuura kuburitswa kwedzimwe nyika huru.

Kazakhstan zvakare ine simba renyukireya. Kunyangwe ichangobva kumisa kuyedza kuwedzera simba rayo renyukireya, inoramba ichizivikanwa nekugona kwayo kukuru mundima iyi.

Kazakhstan, shamwari yakavimbika yeEurope munyika isina chokwadi

Muchidimbu, EU ine chinangwa chekudzivirira kuzvimirira pane nhamba diki yenyika dzinopa. Ndicho chikonzero ichitsvaga hukama hwakasimba hwekutengeserana neKazakhstan, yakapfuma mumafuta uye gasi rechisikigo. KuKazakhstan, kukosha kweEU kuri muhuwandu hwekutengeserana uye mari yekunze. Europe ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzakanyanya kukosha muKazakhstan mutemo wekunze.

EU ine basa kuKazakhstan nekuda kwehukuru hwemusika wayo wehupfumi, huwandu hwayo hwebudiriro, hupenyu hwehupenyu, uye hunhu hwainomiririra - hwakadai sedemocracy, kutonga kwemutemo, kodzero dzevanhu, uye pachena. Kazakhstan inoshuvira kutengesa zviwanikwa zvayo pamitengo yemusika wepasi rose uye inoshuvira kusvika padanho rebudiriro nekutora izvi zvakakosha.

EU, kune rumwe rutivi, inotsvaga kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedzwa kwesimba uku ichisimudzira hunhu hwayo. Kazakhstan inonyanya kugovera simba kuEU uye inobatsira mukusiyana-siyana kwezviwanikwa zvemisika yayo. Iyo inozivikanwa seyeCentral Asia nyika ine hupfumi hwakasiyana hwezviwanikwa zvepasi pevhu uye nhanho pakati pevatungamiriri vepasirese muzvikamu zvinoverengeka zvemigodhi.

BIBLIOGRAPHIE

Kanchev, N. (2022). Към нови предизвикателства. Чуждоезиково обучение, 49(1), 7-8.

Köse, G. (2020). Orta Asya (Türkistan) Enerji Meselesi: Enerji Potansiyeli Ve Aktörler Central Asıan (Turkıstan) Energy Issue: Energy Potentıal And Actors. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi. 13(72). 254-275:

Yılmaz, ES, & Oğurlu, Y. (2013). Bölgesel güç olarak Avrupa Birliği ve dış politika. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi, 12(2), 81-104

Yılmaz, AA (2023). Avrupa Birliği'nin yeni Orta Asya stratejisi ve AB-Kazakistan ilişkileri.

Kazakhstan « nouveau et juste » ? Le jeu d'équilibriste de Tokayev redessine la dynamique de l'Asie centrale - Euractiv FR

Kazakhstan, le virage démocratique | Conflits : Revue de Géopolitique

Diplomatie pragmatique : le modèle du Kazakhstan | Conflits : Revue de Géopolitique

Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy semuenzaniso wekugadzikana munyika isina kugadzikana - Iyo Geopolitics

Kazakhstan yakagadzirira kupa chikuva chenhaurirano pakati peRussia neUkraine - Abayev

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