Zvemukati zveinternet zvichiri kurambidzwa muUzbekistan?

Nyika zhinji pasi rese dzakasarudza kuvandudza nzira dzadzo dzepasirese kudzora kushandiswa kweinternet. Kuedza kwakadaro kwakava nemwero yakasiyana-siyana yekubudirira uye dzimwe nguva migumisiro isingatarisirwi. Izvi zvinogona kucherechedzwa munhamba iri kukura yenyika, umo mumakore achangopfuura zvakatemerwa kungoganhurira kuwana kune zvemukati zveinternet., State Inspectorate yeKudzora muSphere yeInformatization uye Telecommunications yeRepublic yeUzbekistan..

Nhasi hapana kana nyika ipi zvayo munyika isingashandisi tsika yekuisa zvirambidzo pakushandiswa kweinternet. Dhigirii ye inhibitory mhedzisiro inosiyana zvakanyanya. Kana matekinoroji ekushandisa Indaneti asina kwaakarerekera, saka mashandisirwo azvo anobatanidzwa kune zvakajairwa zvehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika. Naizvozvo, mutemo wekutonga kweInternet unotarwa nezvinangwa zvezvematongerwo enyika, saka, mitemo yekushandisa matekinoroji padandemutande ine chimiro chenyika uye chezvematongerwo enyika.

Kuongorora ruzivo rwemutemo wepamutemo wekuparadzirwa kwe (zvisiri pamutemo) ruzivo paInternet munyika dzakabudirira, mitatu mikuru mienzaniso inogona kuonekwa.

Muenzaniso wekutanga iri "Content Sefa". Imwe yenzira huru dzekusefa kwakadaro mafirewall. Mafirewall anoshandiswa neISPs kudzivirira kubva kumavhairasi uye hackers, uye kuvharidzira kupinda kune masaiti eimwe nzira. Mumiriri weiyi nzira yepamutemo yekutonga iUnited States.

Muenzaniso wechipiri inotora basa remupi kune chero zviito zvemushandisi. Semuyenzaniso, muFrance, musi waKurume 19, 2000, Seneti yakabvumidza mutemo unoda kuti ISPs ibudise ruzivo nezve vanyori vewebhusaiti kune chero munhu anofarira wechitatu pasi pekutyisidzirwa kwemhosva yekusungwa. Rimwe bhiri remusi waKurume 22, 2000, rakaita kuti zvive nyore kuti varidzi vemawebhusaiti ese enyika vanyorese uye zvakaita kuti maISPs ave nemhosva yekupa masevhisi ekutambira kune vashandisi vasingazivikanwe. Panguva imwecheteyo, vanyori vemasaiti akabatwa pamasevha echiFrench vanofanirwa kuendesa yavo yega data kune ISPs saiti isati yawanikwa paInternet. Sezvauri kuona, uyu Mutemo unobvisa kusazivikanwa uye unounza censorship padanho reISP.

Denmark, Belgium uye the Netherlands inogona kuonekwa sevamiririri vemuenzaniso wechipiri.

In Dhenimaki, nzira iri nyore yekuvhara nzvimbo dzeInternet inoshandiswa. Pano muridzi wezvinhu zvese zveInternet ndewehurumende. Zvakakwana kuendesa chikumbiro chekuvhara saiti, kururamisa kudikanwa kwekumisa saiti.

Iyo Internet Webhusaiti Zvichemo Commission, yaongorora nharo, inogona kuvhara webhusaiti yezvinhu zvisiri pamutemo.

Basa revanopa masevhisi eInternet rekuisa chero ruzivo rwusiri pamutemo pamasevha rinopihwa nemutemo wenyika we Bherujiyamu.

Mutemo we the Netherlands inopa chisungo chevanopa chekuisa yakakosha michina inobvumira masangano ezvemitemo kuti atarise ruzivo, pamwe nekuchengetedza ese marekodhi evashandisi, kusanganisira data remunhu, kwemakore matatu.

Muenzaniso wechitatu yekutonga kwehukama hweInternet inoburitsa ISP kubva muchikwereti kana ichizadzisa mamwe mamiriro ane chekuita nemhando yekupihwa kwesevhisi uye kudyidzana nezvidzidzo zvekutsinhana ruzivo. Jerimani inogona kuverengerwa kune iyi modhi yemutemo mutemo.

Zvinoenderana neFederal Telecommunications Act, mutoro wekutonga weISPs wekutumira zviri kunze kwemutemo uchapihwa chete kana vari ivo varidzi veruzivo urwu kana kurwuparadzira vachiziva vachireva kune mamwe masosi.

Zvinoenderana neMutemo weRepublic yeUzbekistan "PaInformatization", iwo makuru madhairekitori emitemo yenyika mumunda wekuzivisa ndeaya anotevera:

- kuzadzikiswa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remugari wega wega weRepublic yeUzbekistan kugamuchira nekuparadzira ruzivo pachena, kupa mukana kune zviwanikwa zveruzivo;

- kusikwa kwese kwakanaka, kwakazara mamiriro ekuwana kune epasi rese ruzivo network uye World Wide Web.

Kunyanya, makurukota akakodzera uye masangano muUzbekistan parizvino ari kushanda mukugadzira mamiriro ekuwana mahara kune ekunze masocial network uye vatumwa padunhu reRepublic.

Mutemo weRepublic of Uzbekistan "Panheyo uye Zvivimbiso zveRusununguko rweRuzivo" inotonga matanho ekuchengetedza ruzivo uye inoonekwa seyakakosha, zvichibva pane iyo hukama hweveruzhinji hunodzorwa pakugamuchira, kushandisa, kuchengetedza data mumunda wehunyanzvi hweruzivo, kusanganisira kuchengetedza ruzivo. .

Zvinoenderana neChikamu chegumi nechina cheMutemo uyu, kuchengetedzwa kweruzivo munharaunda kunowanikwa nekuona kuvandudzwa kwenheyo dzegutsaruzhinji, rusununguko rwenhau, kudzivirira ruzivo rwusiri pamutemo uye kukanganisa kwepfungwa pakuziva veruzhinji.

The Republic of Uzbekistan, neChisarudzo No.127-I cheOliy Majlis (Paramende) kubva muna Nyamavhuvhu 31, 1995, yakagamuchira Chibvumirano Chepasi Pose Chekodzero Dzevanhu Nezvematongerwe Enyika - Chibvumirano cheUnited Nations chakavakirwa paChiziviso Chepasi Pose Chekodzero Dzevanhu.

Muna 2020, nhumwa yeUzbekistan inotungamirwa naAkmal Saidov, Mutevedzeri Wekutanga weMutauriri weDare reLegislative Chamber yeOliy Majlis, Director weNational Center for Human Rights, vakatora chikamu mu128.^th Musangano weUnited Nations Human Rights Committee (HRC), wakaitirwa kuGeneva.

Nhume dzeUzbekistan dzakapa mushumo wechishanu wenguva nenguva weUzbekistan pamusoro pekushandiswa kweInternational Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).

Mukutaura kwavo kwekuvhura, mukuru wenhumwa VaA. Saidov vakapa ruzivo rwakadzama pamusoro pegwara guru uye kubudirira kwekuitwa kwezvisungo zveChibvumirano muUzbekistan.

Munguva yekukurukurirana, nyanzvi dzeKomiti dzakagamuchira kufambira mberi mukuvandudzwa kwetsika yekodzero dzevanhu muUzbekistan, yakaitwa mushure mekusarudzwa kwaShavkat Mirziyoyev seMutungamiri wenyika. Nyanzvi idzi dzakacherechedza nekugutsikana kuderedzwa kwehuwandu hwemajeri, kurambidzwa kwekushandiswa kwehumbowo hunowanikwa mukushungurudzwa, pamwe nekufambira mberi mukuwana kuenzana kwevanhukadzi.

Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti mutemo uripo wakagadziridzwa zvinoenderana kuitira kuti usunungure mhosva. Zvikurukuru, mutongo wokuchengeta kuchera nekutuka wakabviswa.

Mumakore achangopfuura, kudzoreredzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuwana kune zviwanikwa zvewebhu zvehuwandu hwezvinyorwa zvekunze uye masangano ekodzero dzevanhu zvakave nechokwadi. Mawebhusaiti eVoice of America, Eurasianet, BBC, Deutsche Welle, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Reporters Without Borders (Reporters Sans Frontières), nezvimwewo.

Mu "Press Freedom Index" ye2022, Uzbekistan yakavandudza nzvimbo yayo nemapoinzi makumi maviri nemana kana ichienzaniswa neyegore rapfuura.

Uzebhekisitani's approach to Internet regulation inogona kuonekwa yakasununguka kana ichienzaniswa nedzimwe nyika dzakabudirira. Access regulation (content restriction) inoitwa munzvimbo dzinotevera:

- kuchengetedzwa kubva pakukanganisa kwakashata pachizvarwa chechidiki uye kuchengetedzwa kwemunhu, data remunhu;

- dziviriro kubva kuzvinhu zvinokodzera segandanga, mhirizhonga, mhirizhonga kana ruvengo zviri mukati.

Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, tichapa mucherechedzo wezvinyorwa zvemitemo yeRepublic yeUzbekistan, maererano nekudzorwa kwekuwana zviri kunze kwemutemo kana Indaneti ine ruzivo rwakadaro.

Maererano ne iyo Article 12¹ yeMutemo weRepublic yeUzbekistan "PaInformatization" -

Muridzi wewebhusaiti uye/kana peji rewebhusaiti kana zvimwe zviwanikwa zveruzivo, kusanganisira blogger, anosungirwa kusatendera kushandiswa kwewebhusaiti yake uye/kana peji rewebhusaiti kana zvimwe zviwanikwa zveruzivo paInternet, pa. iyo ruzivo rweruzhinji rwakatumirwa, nekuda kwezvinangwa zvinotevera

- kuparadzirwa kwehondo, mhirizhonga uye hugandanga, pamwe chete nepfungwa dzekunyanyisa mune zvechitendero, kuparadzana uye fundamentalism;

- kuparadzirwa kwemashoko anokurudzira kuvengana kwenyika, dzinza, dzinza kana chitendero;

- kuparadzirwa kwezvinonyadzisira, chitendero chechisimba uye hutsinye, pamwe nekukurudzira kuzviuraya uye zvimwe zvinorambidzwa.

Sepasirese, dambudziko rekukurumidzira kuchengetedzwa kwevana kubva mukukanganisa kunokanganisa psyche yavo isina kusimba yeruzivo rwakashata iyo inogona kukudziridza hukasha mumwana.

Nekuda kwekushaikwa kweruzivo rwehupenyu uye psyche yavo isina kusimba, vana vakawanda kupfuura vamwe vanoratidzwa pesvedzero kuburikidza nemitambo yemakomputa, nharembozha, kushambadzira, uye kunyanya kuburikidza neWorld Wide Web ye "Internet".

Mutemo weRepublic yeUzbekistan "Pakuchengetedzwa Kwevana Kubva Ruzivo Runokuvadza Kuutano Hwavo", chinoti Chinyorwa 16, inoronga mashoko anokuvadza utano hwevana.

Mukuwedzera, maererano iyo Article 18 yeMutemo weRepublic yeUzbekistan "Pane Kurambidzwa Kugovera uye Kushandiswa Kwedoro uye Fodya Zvigadzirwa", kushambadza kwezvinodhaka nefodya hazvibvumirwi. Pamwe chete neizvi, iyo Article 23 yeMutemo weRepublic yeUzbekistan "Pakushambadza" inorambidza kushambadzwa kwefodya, zvigadzirwa zvefodya uye zvinwiwa zvinodhaka zvesimba ripi zvaro.

Maererano "Mitemo paNzira Yekunyoresa uye Kushandisa Mazita eDomain muDomain "UZ" (yakanyoreswa neBazi rezvemitemo reRepublic yeUzbekistan musi waChikumi 23, 2008 pasi penhamba Nha.1830), the domain name administrator (muridzi wewebhusaiti) achave nemhosva yekutumira ruzivo rwunotyora mutemo weRepublic yeUzbekistan. Domain name administrator anosungirwa kutora matanho nekukurumidza, mukati mehunyanzvi hwake hwekuita, kubvisa mhosva ine chekuita nezita redunhu rake kana angozviziva.

Maitiro ekurambidza kupinda kune mawebhusaiti eInternet kunze kwe "UZ" zone ine kuparadzira ruzivo iyo inorambidzwa nemutemo weRepublic of Uzbekistan inotsanangurwa neSarudzo yeCabinet yeMakurukota eRepublic yeUzbekistan "Pamatanho ekuvandudza Ruzivo. Chengetedzo muWorld Information Network Internet" No.707 yaGunyana 5, 2018.

Muchiitiko chekusatevedzera zvinodiwa nemutemo, kurambidzwa kwekuwana mawebhusaiti uye/kana mapeji ewebhusaiti paInternet kunoitwa neboka rine mvumo yakasarudzika maererano nezvinodiwa nemutemo wenyika.

Gwaro rehurumende mundima yekuzivisa ruzivo rine chinangwa chekugadzira hurongwa hweruzivo rwenyika hwakabatana uye hunozvikwanira, tichifunga nezvemaitiro epasirese aripo mukusimudzira nekuvandudza zviwanikwa zveruzivo, matekinoroji uye masisitimu.

Kusvika pari zvino, Republic of Uzbekistan iri kuenderera mberi nebasa rekuvandudza mutemo wepamutemo wekuparadzirwa kweruzivo paInternet, tichifunga nezvemaitiro azvino mukuvandudza tekinoroji yeruzivo munyika.

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