Kukwidzwa kwemutero wefodya: Kubhejera kunodhura kwehutano hweEurope nekugadzikana kwemari

Gwaro remukati menyika rakaburitswa neEuropean Commission raburitsa kushushikana kukuru pamusoro pehurongwa hweUnion hwekuwedzera zvakanyanya mitero yefodya. Kunyangwe shanduko dzakagadzirirwa kuvandudza hutano hweveruzhinji uye kuunza imwe mari, ongororo yeKomisheni pachayo inoyambira nezvezvingangove zvisingatarisirwe - uye kunyange zvisingabatsiri - mhedzisiro.

Pakutanga kuona, chinangwa chinoita sechakanaka: kukwidza mitero zvakanyanya, kudzinga kusvuta, uye kuwedzera hutano hweveruzhinji. Asi pasi pepamusoro, imwe rondedzero iri kuitika-imwe yemhedzisiro isingatarisirwe, kukanganisa kwehupfumi, uye mapofu emitemo.

Musi wa12 Chikumi 2025, bepanhau reGerman mufananidzo kekutanga kuburitsa kubuda, izvo zvakaburitsa ongororo yeKomisheni yekuvandudzwa kwakarongwa kuTobacco Excise Directive (TED). Maererano negwaro iri, EC iri kukurudzira kuwedzera kukuru kwemitero yefodya: 139% pafodya, 258% pafodya yekukungurusa, uye 1,092% inoshamisa pafodya. Vaping uye zvinopisa fodya zvigadzirwa, parizvino zvisina mutero padanho reEU, zvakarongerwawo kuti zvibatanidzwe. Mamiriro akasarudzika anogona kuunza imwezve € 15.1 bhiriyoni pagore mumari yemutero, zvirinani pamapepa.

Asi hezvino kubata: Komisheni ivo vanoongorora vanobvuma njodzi. Chirevo hachikwezvi zvibhakera. Inoyambira kuti kukwidzwa kwemitero kwakanyanyisa kunogona kukanganisa, kuendesa vanosvuta kuenda kumisika isiri pamutemo uye dzimwe nzira dzakachipa, dzisingataurwi.

Kana misiyano yemitengo pakati penyika dzenhengo yanyanya, vatengi vanogona kutenga zvekuyambuka miganhu kana kupinda mukutengesa zvisiri pamutemo. Izvi zvave nenguva zvichinetsa kuEU, uye nhoroondo dzeEC dzakapfuura kusvika 2020 dzave kutoratidza kukura kwemisika yefodya isiri pamutemo.

Chirevo chemukati chinodaidzawo mubvunzo kushanda kwemitero yakakwirira mukuderedza kuputa fodya. Kunyange zvazvo mutero wagara uchishandiswa kurambidza kushandiswa kwefodya, kukanganiswa kwayo kunoratidzika kuva kushoma munyika dzine mutero wakakwirira. Dhata inoratidza kuti kuwedzera kunowedzera goho chete kuvandudzwa, kunyanya kana vatengi vachigona kuwana zvakachipa, zvisingabhadharwe dzimwe nzira.

Kubatana kune njodzi pakati pepolicy uye chokwadi

Mafungiro ezvematongerwo enyika anoita seakajeka: ita kuti kuputa kudhure, uye vanhu vashoma vachaputa. Asi iyi nzira yebhuku inorerutsa mamiriro akaomarara emagariro, ehupfumi, uye maitiro ekushandisa nicotine.

Dambudziko? Iyo EU haisi imwe chete, yakawiriraniswa mutero nzvimbo. Misiyano yakakura mumitengo yenyika yagara ichikurudzira kubira uye kutenga zvekuyambuka miganhu, nemabhiriyoni anorasikirwa nekubiridzira gore rega. Kuwedzera huni kumoto iwoyo kunogona kukanganisa zvibodzwa zvehutano hweveruzhinji izvo zvinotarisirwa kuzadzisa.

Kumaodzanyemba nokumabvazuva kweEurope—uko kurimwa kwefodya nokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoramba zviri mbiru huru dzezvemari—katyamadzo yacho inogona kuva yakakomba zvikuru. Nyika dzakaita seGreece, Italy, uye Romania dzinongwarira nenzira inonzwisisika. Vanoti mitengo yekusvuta iri kutoderera, uye kuti mitero mitsva inogona kukuvadza kupfuura kunaka.

Komisheni Hoekstra's tightrope walk

Kuna Komisheni weMutero Wopke Hoekstra, dambudziko ndereHerculean: buritsa rairo rinomisa kushandiswa kwefodya, rinosanganisira nzira dzemazuva ano dzechikakananda, inovimbisa kururamisira mutero, uye kudzivirira kugadzira musika mutema uri kusimukira. Zvese izvi tichinetsana nekukwira kwemitengo yezvinhu, nyaya dzekuti hupfumi hwenyika husimukire, uye zvido zvenyika zvakasiyana.

Nyika gumi neshanu dziri nhengo dzinosanganisira Netherlands neFrance - mubatanidzwa weEU mukutengeserana kwefodya zvisiri pamutemo - dzinonzi dziri kutsigira kurudziro iyi. Vanonongedza kune mbiri mbiri dzekuwana kwehutano hweveruzhinji uye kudzoreredza kurasikirwa kwekuyambuka. Asi rutsigiro haruna kubvumirana, uye kubvumirana kwezvematongerwo enyika muBloc kunoramba kusina kusimba.

Zvakadaro, kurasikirwa kwemari yeFrance kubva mukutengeserana zvisiri pamutemo kwaifungidzirwa pa9.4 bhiriyoni gore rapfuura, sekureva kwe KPMG report. Netherlands, iyo zvakare ine mitero yefodya yakakwira yenyika uye iri kuda kuti ikwire EU-yakafara, inofungidzirwa kuti yakarasikirwa nemamiriyoni mazana mapfumbamwe emadhora.

Zvadeuka zvatiudza

Zvichida chinonyanyoburitsa cheshumo yakaburitswa inzwi rayo: kungwarira, kuzvitsoropodza, uye kutaura zvisina kujairika. Inobvuma kuti mutero, nepo chishandiso chine simba, hausi mushonga. Kana ikasakwenenzverwa zvakanaka, zvine njodzi yekugadzira zvinokurudzira zvakashata, kunyanya mumusika watozara nedzimwe nzira uye maburi.

Muchidimbu, Komisheni inoratidzika kunge yakabatwa mune gangaidzo remitemo: kusundidzira zvakanyanya uye njodzi yekukanganisa misika yepamutemo uye hupfumi hwenyika; kusunda zvishoma uye kurasikirwa nekuvimbika pane hutano.

Kuburitswa uku kwakonzera mhinduro nekukurumidza kubva kune vese varatidziri vehutano hweveruzhinji neindasitiri yefodya. Vanopikisa kuputa fodya vakatambira hurongwa uhu, vachiti mitengo yepamusoro inzira inoshanda yekudzivisa vanhu kusvuta, kunyanya vechidiki. Sangano reWorld Health Organisation (WHO) ragara richitsigira mutero senzira huru mukuderedza kushandiswa kwefodya.

Sezvineiwo, mapoka emaindasitiri uye masangano ezvitoro akayambira kuti matanho akarongwa anogona kukanganisa ripple mhedzisiro. Sangano reEuropean Tobacco Growers Association (UNITAB), semuenzaniso, rakapokana kuti kuwedzera kusingatarisirwi kwakadaro kunogona kukanganisa vagadziri vadiki zvokonzera kurasikirwa kwemabasa kwakapararira munharaunda dzekumaruwa. Vatengesi, kunyanya avo vari kumatunhu ari kumuganhu, vari kuzvigadzirira mukana wekuwedzera mukutenga kwepamuganhu uye kuita zvemusika mutema.

Kubva mumaonero emutemo, kuita chirevo chitsva kunoda kuwirirana kubva kune ese makumi maviri nenomwe enhengo dzeEU, rinova dambudziko rakakura rinopihwa kupatsanurwa kwazvino. Dzimwe nyika dzenhengo, kusanganisira Sweden neHungary, dzakatoratidza kusada, dzichifarira kuzvitonga kwenyika pamusoro pemutemo wemitero. Zvakare nyika dzakaita seGreece, Italy, Romania neLuxembourg dziri kuramba kuwedzera nekuwedzera miripo ine chekuita nefodya.

Maererano ne Dr. Karl Fagerström, purofesa anoshamwaridzana uye muongorori mumunda wefodya uye nicotine, EU inofanira kutarisa nezvechiitiko cheSweden. "KuSweden, uko varume vakashandisa snus uye vanonakidzwa nehuwandu hwekufa kwefodya yakaderera zvikuru yevarume vose muEuropean Union, mutero wakawedzerwa gore rakapera zvishoma pamidzanga asi wakaderedzwa nokuda kwechikafu.

Maererano ne Dr. Anders Milton, aimbova Sachigaro weWorld Medical Association uye aimbova Mutungamiriri weSweden Red Cross, "snus haikonzeri kenza, kusvuta kunoita. Sweden, kunyange zvazvo inenge chikamu chimwe chete muzana chevarume vanoshandisa fodya kana nicotine zuva nezuva, ine chiitiko chakaderera chekenza yemapapu mukati meEU." 

"Kushandiswa kwese kwesnus hakusi pamutemo mune dzimwe nhengo dzeEU. Ndiyo nzira yekushandisa chokwadi chokuti Sweden ine yakaderera yakawanda yekenza yemapapu muEU nekuda kwenzira yatinoshandisa nayo fodya kana nicotine chete? Kubva pahutano hwehutano handingabvumi izvozvo. Sweden yakaratidza kuti kushandisa fodya kana nicotine nenzira yakasiyana pane kusvuta kunoponesa hupenyu uye kunobatsira vamwe vanhu kuoma kwehupenyu ", akawedzera.

Asi, chero zano rekugadzirisa iyo TED rinosanganisira njodzi yedambudziko kana vatengi vakatendeukira kumusika mutema wehutsi hwakachipa. Ongororo yeEuropol's Strategic Assessment inoratidza musika mutema wefodya senzira iri kukurumidza kukura uye nekuwedzera kuoma kwehutsotsi hwakarongeka. Sekureva kwemushumo wa2025, masangano ematsotsi haasi kungounza fodya yekunyepedzera kunze kwenyika - iko zvino ave kumisa nzvimbo dzekugadzira mukati meEU, padyo nemisika inodiwa zvakanyanya muWestern Europe. Bazi reEU rinoona nezvekutevedzwa kwemutemo rinoratidza kuti nyika dzinobhadharisa mitero yakakwira uye mitero yeVAT “ndidzo dziri panjodzi huru yekutengeswa zvisiri pamutemo kwemiti.

Nzira yekuenda mberi: Pragmatism pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika

Gwaro rakadeuka rinofanirwa kushanda senhare yekumutsa-kwete chete kune vanogadzira mitemo, asi kune vamiriri vehutano hweveruzhinji, vezvehupfumi, uye vane chekuita neindasitiri. Kuda chinzvimbo kwakakosha. Asi ndizvo zvazviri. Mutero wega haugone kugadzirisa dambudziko rekusvuta. Uye haigone kuverengera kusimba kwekutengesa zvisiri pamutemo network ayo ari nimble, anochinja, uye anochinjika.

Europe inoda nuanced, inotungamirwa neumboo nzira-iyo inosanganisa ine mwero, yakanangwa mutero nekudyara muzvirongwa zvekumisa, dzidzo yeruzhinji, uye kuyambuka muganhu. Blunt fiscal instruments inogona kuendesa misoro yenyaya asi kashoma kuunza mhedzisiro.

Sezvo yakagadziridzwa Tobacco Excise Directive inonanga kunzvimbo yemutemo, chinhu chimwe chakajeka: Brussels inofanirwa kutsika-tsika. Nekuti kana iri nyaya yefodya, nzira inoenda kune hutano huri nani haifanirwe kuvezwa nefiscal miscalculations.

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