Nhoroondo mu #Capital uye Capital munhoroondo

In Das Kapital or guta, Karl Marx akagadzirisa akakosha conundrums echinyakare hupfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika: chii chaive kukosha, uko kukosha kwekuwedzera kwakabva, sei matambudziko akaitika, nei purofiti yakadzikira uye kuti mibairo yakatemwa sei - nenzira chete inogoneka, nekufumura hudzvanyiriri hwayo, dambudziko. -akatakurwa uye ane hasha hunhu, akanyora Radhika Desai, purofesa paDhipatimendi reZvidzidzo Zvematongerwo enyika, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada..

Upfumi hwezvematongerwo enyika hwechinyakare hwakaramba huchinetsekana kuita kuti hutungamiriri huve pamutemo uye apo makirasi eEuropean capitalist aida imwe nzira, mumwe akasvika, sekunge ari mugwara: kurongeka kwezvakashoropodzwa naMarx, kudzoreredza uye kurongeka mukati. guta se "vulgar economics" kunyanya muchikamu chehupenzi hwezvinhu.

Isu tinozviziva nhasi seneoclassical economics. Yakaderedza chinangwa chekuongorora: Kuchinjana, kusiya kunze kwekugadzirwa. Nemitengo, kusiya kunze ukoshi uye kune vamiririri vevanhu, kusiya makirasi. Mafungiro ayo ekuenzanisa akasiya kunze kupokana nedambudziko re capitalism. Sezvo ivo vaivapo zvakajeka, vairangarirwa sevatorwa, sokunge vairova capitalism kubva kunze.

Nezvehupfumi hwakadai, Max Weber, akatanga kudzidziswa semuongorori wezvehupfumi, akatanga chikamu chitsva chesainzi chebasa, akatanga abvisa magariro kubva mune zvehupfumi achiti nzanga dzemazuva ano, kureva capitalist, nzanga dzinopatsanura muzvikamu zvinozvitonga zvinoda kudzidza kwakasiyana. Chokwadi kuzvitonga kwehupfumi ndiko kwainyanya kukosha, kubvumidza macapitalist kuti varambe vachitonga mafambiro uye maitiro ekukura kwehupfumi zvisinei nemashandiro. Nhasi uno vazivi vekuMadokero vanoona matambudziko nesangano iri reruzivo zvishoma chete, vachichema nekuparadzaniswa kwesainzi yemagariro uye kusangana ne "inter-" uye "multidisciplinarity".

Munhoroondo yaMarx, masangano akarongeka evanhu - makirasi, mapato uye nyika - vakaita sarudzo, vachiita mumamiriro ezvinhu akagarwa ekufambisa nhoroondo mberi. Muurongwa hutsva hwesaenzi dzemagariro evanhu, zvigadzirwa zvesarudzo dzenhoroondo dzevanhu uye zviito zvinosangana nevanhu vega se "mitemo" inofanirwa kutevedzwa, isingashandurwe. Hakushamisi kuti sainzi dzenzanga dzakadaro dzinoita chinhu chiri chose nenzira yakapfava yazvino: Mapato anoita izvi, hurumende dzinoita icho, inflation inoita izvi, urovha hunoita izvo, nguva yose ichikanganwa kuti mapato anochinja nokufamba kwenguva, hapana zvikamu zviviri zvokukwira kwemitengo kana kuti kushaikwa kwemabasa zvakafanana uye zviito zvevamiririri vezvakaitika kare zvinoshandura nzvimbo yekuenderera mberi kwezvakaitika kare.

Iyo capitalism yehupfumi - uye yakasara yesainzi yezvemagariro, inotora izwi rehupfumi pairi - haisi yekusingaperi chete asiwo ndeye cosmopolitan. Basa renhoroondo remakirasi enyika, mapato uye nyika mukugadzirisa kupokana kwecapitalism kuburikidza nezviito zvemumba neyepasi rose rakanyorwa kubva muzvinyorwa. Hapana chinogona kuva kure nekufunga kwaMarx kana kubva guta.

Kubatanidza mhando mbiri huru dzekupokana kwemacapitalist - kupokana kwepakati-kirasi yekubiridzira uye kupokana kwemukati-kirasi yemakwikwi - pakati pemafemu nemabhuroki akarongwa enyika, kugadzirwa kwemutengo kwakabva padambudziko kuenda padambudziko uye nekuziva kuwedzera kwekushomeka kwechokwadi nekuda kwayo. nyonganyonga nokusaruramisira. Kamwe hupfumi hwabvisa kukosha kwekugadzirwa semusiyano wenhoroondo we capitalism uye kupokana kwayo pamwe neinofambira mberi mota, isu taive nenhoroondo capitalism: yakagadzikana, yekusingaperi uye isingachinji. Isu takarasikirwa nepakati zano rinoita kuti nhoroondo yayo ine mhirizhonga inzwisise.

Kunzwisisa kwakadaro kwekushaya njere kungadai kusina kuenzana neGuta guru. Nekudaro, Marxists ivo pachavo vakafambisa iyo neoclassical Trojan bhiza kupinda muMarxist citadel. Mukati memakore gumi kana kupfuura ekubuda kweneoclassical economics, vakangwara vaiuya kudivi reMarxism uye boka revashandi vanga vachiunza dzidziso yavo yeneoclassical navo. Vakatanga kuedza kuenzanisa Marxism mune antithetical theoretical uye methodological framework yeneoclassical economics.

Tsika iyi yanga yatove kushanda muSecond International: Rosa Luxemburg akarwisa mapindiro ake ekutanga paakabvunza kududzirwa kweshamwari dzake kwezvirongwa zvekubereka zviri muvhoriyamu yechipiri ye. guta. Iyo zvakare iri kumashure kweChipiri International Marxism ichiva "positivist".

Nhasi yakura ikava anti-Marxist "Marxist economics" ichiita zvirevo zvisina musoro: izvo guta inotambura ne "dambudziko reshanduko" sezvo yaisagona kushandura kukosha mumitengo, kuti capitalism haina kutambura nekushomeka kwezvinodiwa zvekushandisa, kuti mwero wepurofiti haudonhe uye kuti Marx ane dzidziso yezvemari. Ndaza yacho inogona kuenderera mberi. Vamwe vose vanonzi Marxist social sciences vanonyevera pamusoro pehupfumi determinism, izvo zvinogoneka chete mushure mekunge hupfumi hwaparadzaniswa kubva kune mamwe magariro evanhu sezvo isiri muGuta guru. Nhasi maitiro aya anotipa chiono chinokatyamadza chenyanzvi dzerock-Marxist dzakadzidzisa guta kwemakumi emakore achitiudza kuti hakuna nhoroondo mukati guta.

Zvose izvi zvinorevei kune vanoswedera guta nhasi? Zviri nyore, Marx uye guta dzine nhoroondo dzakadzama. Isu tinofanirwa kudzivirira capitalism inotora vanhu pasi nayo uye nekubatanidza nhoroondo. Tinofanira kupaka yedu ahistorical economics uye social sciences pamusuwo tisati taita naMarx uye guta. Izvo zvipingamupinyi pakunzwisisa ongororo huru kwazvo yekuti takasvika sei pano uye kwatingave takananga. Tinofanira kuverenga izvo Marx anotaura chaizvo: Kunyora kwake kadhi redu rekukoka kunhoroondo.

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