Mukutsvaga hutongi: Ndiani achakunda muhondo yeinternet?

By Federico Guerrini 

Pane hondo irikuitika, uye irikupisa remangwana re internet. Kubva pakusarerekera divi rimwe chete, kusvika kune inodaidzwa kuti kodzero yekukanganwa, kune vanobatikana vakawanda kana nzira dzepasi rose dzekutonga kweinternet, masangano akati wandei nemasangano ari mushishi kugadzira ramangwana rezvingangove zvakanyanya kugadzirwa nevanhu munguva pfupi yapfuura.

Parizvino, kune zvipenyu zvishoma zvinoita basa rakakosha mukutsanangura nekugadzirisa dhizaini yeNet. Hutongi uhwu hunodaidzwa kuti 'multistakeholder' uye hunosanganisira kuronga mabasa anoitwa nebazi rakazvimirira, marongero akadzikwa nehurumende nemabasa anoitwa nemasangano matsva epasi rose seInternet Engineering Task Force neInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) uye W3C.

Izvi zvakaganhurwa zvachose kunze kwemamwe mabasa ekubatanidza pamusoro pemazita nenhamba dzinoda imwe dhigirii retarisiro yepakati nekuti zita nenhamba yega yega inofanirwa kunge yakasarudzika pasi rose.

“Hurumende yeUS ine, nekuda kwenhoroondo yedandemutande iri kuUS, yakaona zvimwe zveizvi asi yakazivisa kuti iri kushandura huwororo uhu kuva sangano repasi rose rine vatori vechikamu vakawanda. IUS neBrazil (nedzimwe nyika) dzakajekesa kuti shanduko inofanirwa kuve kune vane vatori vechikamu vakawanda kwete kuona nezvekudyidzana nedzimwe nyika, "anodaro Laura DeNardis, director of research weGlobal Commission on Internet Governance, (GCIG) mufungo wepasi rose- tangi iyo inosanganisira gurukota rezvekunze reSweden, Carl Bildt; aimbova mukuru weBritish intelligence service GCHQ, Sir David Omand; aimbova munyori wedhipatimendi rekuchengetedza nyika yeUS, Michael Chertoff, nevamwe.

Vamwe vanofunga kuti sangano renyika dzakawanda rakaita seUN rinofanirwa kuva nemasimba akawanda paInternet, chimwe chinhu chingashandura matongerwo eInternet kubva pakuenzanisa kwemasimba pakati pevane chekuita nekuita kutonga kukuru kwehurumende. "Ini pachangu ndiri mutsigiri wemaitiro evazhinji - DeNardis anodaro." Musangano weNet Mundial wakaitwa Kubvumbi wapfuura muBrazil wakapera nechiziviso chinotsigira ruzhinji rwevanhu; kurwa, zvisinei, kuchakazaruka.

Sarudzo pakati pevazhinji uye nzira yemarudzi mazhinji haisiriyo chete chinhu chekufunga nezvacho kana uchibata nemamiriro emangwana. Dambudziko rekuchengetedza nyika yepamhepo sezvatinoziva inogona kubva kune inonzi "balkanization yeInternet". Zvakazarurwa pamusoro pekutariswa kwakapararira kwekufambiswa kwemashoko kwakaitwa neaimbove muongorori weNSA Edward Snowden akasunda dzimwe Nyika (seGermany) kusimudzira pfungwa yekuvaka dandemutande rekuEurope rekutaurirana kudzivirira maemail uye mamwe data anopfuura nemuUnited States.

"Pane njodzi yekukanganisa internet, asi kwete nekuda kweichi chikonzero," Philippe Aigrain, mubatsiri wewebhusaiti La Quadrature du Net uye nhengo yeFrench Paramende Komiti yeMutemo neKodzero muDigital Age, anondiudza. "Njodzi chaiyo ndeyekuchengetedza hutongi hwehudzvanyiriri kana chinangwa chekuchengetedza kodzero, censorship kana kuchengetedzwa kwezvimwe zvido zvehupfumi zvemuno, nyika zhinji dzinoedza kudzora kuyerera kwedata kunopinda kana kubuda mazviri."

Net Mundial

"Chisungo chepamutemo chekudzorerazve data chinogona kukonzera njodzi kana chikashandiswa munyika dzine masimba," anowedzera. "Asi kuGermany, iyo (ichiri kuzoonekwa) kuchengetwa kwenyika yedata ndeimwe nzira yekumanikidza kuremekedzwa kwemutemo weNyika, kunyanya kune zvine chekuita nekuchengetedzwa kwedata." Aigrain, zvisinei, haatendi kuti iyi ndiyo nzira yakanakisisa yekuzadzisa chinangwa. "Munhu anogona kuremekedza mutemo weEurope nekungotaura kuti masevhisi anogadzira data yevagari vekuEurope anoendeswa kumutemo uyu uye nekumisa zvibvumirano zvakaita seSafe Harbour izvo zvinotenderedza kuremekedzwa kwemutemo weEuropean," anodaro.

Pasinei nokuti ndiani achakunda muhondo, chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi: Indaneti yeramangwana inofanira kugadzirwa maererano nezvinodiwa uye kodzero (nezvisungo) zvevashandisi, kwete veNyika nemakambani; asi kuti izvi zviitike, panoda kutanga tawirirana kuti kodzero idzi ndedzipi. Pasi rose makomisheni akawanda nemakomiti ari kuongorora nyaya iyi.

Kubva kuGCIG, yakatangwa muna Ndira, iyo ichashanda kwemakore maviri kugadzira chiono chakarongeka cheramangwana rekutonga kweinternet iro rinogona kuzivisa vanogadzira mitemo, nyanzvi dzeruzivo rwemichina, nevamwe pamusoro pezvinonetsa kune dzimwe nyika nemitemo yeinternet yakasununguka uye yakavhurika; kuchiziviso chekunyorwa pamusoro pekodzero dzeinternet chakagadzirirwa neDare Rokudzidza reKodzero dzeInternet uye Mabasa eChamber of Deputies yeItaly; kune basa rekomiti yeBundestag paDhijitari Agenda muGermany.

Kuchiri mangwanani kutaura kana basa ravo richabereka zvibereko zvinogara; kuti vawirirane panyaya dzakaoma kudaro zvichatora nguva, uye diplomacy. Asi chimwe chinhu chatisingachakwanise kumisikidza, kana tichida kuchengetedza iyo internet seinjini huru yekuwana uye hunyanzvi hwatakaziva kusvika parizvino.

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