Democracy, Solidarity uye European Crisis

'Zviripachena Muzvinafundo Jürgen Habermas haadi sumo kune vateereri ava. Mumwe wevazivi vemazuva ano vane simba. Inzwi repfungwa munguva yemhirizhonga. Kwehafu yezana ramakore, akanyora pamusoro pekukosha kwenzvimbo yeruzhinji yakasununguka. Kuita nyaya ine simba yekubatana kweEurope: semutsigiri wekupikisa nyika yakanyanyisa, setariro yakanakisisa yeramangwana redu rezvematongerwo enyika ', - akadaro mutungamiri weEuropean Council Herman van Rompuy, achiunza hurukuro yeHabermans pamusoro peramangwana reEurope iri kuitika pakutanga kwemwaka uno muKU Leuven. Chiono chekubatana sechinhu chakakosha pakubudirira ishoko guru remuzivi:

'... Mubvunzo wekupedzisira uye wehuzivi: Zvinorevei kuratidza kubatana, uye rini isu tine kodzero yekukumbira kubatana? Nekuita zvishoma mukuongorora kwekufungidzira ndinoronga kuburitsa zvikumbiro kune kubatana kwekupomerwa kwehunhu hwehunhu kana zvisizvo zvibodzwa zvakanaka izvo "vane chokwadi" vanowanzovapikisa. Uyezve, kuratidza kubatana chiito chezvamatongerwe enyika uye hachisati chiri chimiro chokusava noudyire chetsika icho chakaiswa zvisizvo mumigariro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kubatana kunosunungura chitarisiko chenhema chekusava nezvematongerwo enyika, kana tadzidza kusiyanisa zvisungo kuratidza kubatana kubva kune zvese zviri zviviri tsika nemutemo zvisungo. “Solidarity” harina kufanana nerokuti “kururamisira”, kungave mutsika kana kuti mutemo wezwi iri.

'Tinodaidza tsika nemutemo kuti “dzakarurama” apo dzinodzora maitiro akaenzana kune avo vose vanobatwa. Tsika dzakakwana dzinochengetedza rusununguko rwakaenzana kune vese uye ruremekedzo rwakaenzana kune wese. Zvechokwadi, kunewo mabasa anokosha. Veukama, vavakidzani, kana vaunoshanda navo vanogona mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu kutarisira zvakawanda, kana rumwe rudzi rwerubatsiro kubva kune mumwe nemumwe pane kubva kune vasingazivi. Mabasa akadaro anobatawo mune humwe hukama hwevanhu. Somuenzaniso, vabereki vanotyora basa ravo rokutarisira apo vanoregeredza utano hwevana vavo. Ukuru hweaya mabasa akanaka kazhinji hahuna mhedziso, hongu; inosiyana zvichienderana nerudzi, kuwanda, uye kukosha kwehukama hwemagariro hunoenderana. Kana hama iri kure ikabata hama yake yakashamisika zvakare mushure memakumi emakore uye ikamubvunza kuti apihwe mari yakawanda nekuti atarisana nedambudziko rekukurumidzira, haakwanise kukwidza chisungo chetsika asi kunyanya hukama hwemhando "yetsika" yakavakirwa pahukama hwemhuri (muchirevo cheHegel chekutanga, chakavakirwa mu "Sittlichkeit hupenyu" kana "hutsika). Kuva wemhuri yakakura kunopa mhosva prima facie basa rekubatsira, asi chete mumamiriro ezvinhu apo hukama chaihwo hunoita tarisiro yekuti semuenzaniso mukoma anogona kuvimba nerutsigiro rwehama yake zvakare mumamiriro ezvinhu akafanana.

'Saka iSittlichkeit inovamba kuvimbana kwehukama hwemagariro husina kurongeka iyo, pasi pemamiriro ekufanogoneka kuwirirana, inoda kuti munhu mumwe "abvumire" vamwe. Zvisungo zvakadaro "zvetsika" zvakadzika muhukama hwenharaunda yaivepo kare, kazhinji hukama hwemhuri, hunoratidza zvinhu zvitatu. Vanotsigira zvirevo zvinomanikidzira kana kuti zvokunyanyisa izvo zvinopfuura zvinosungirwa mutsika kana kuti zvemutemo. Nekune rimwe divi, kana zvasvika pakurudziro inodiwa kutaura kwekubatana hakurevi zvakanyanya kupfuura simba rechikamu rebasa rehunhu; uye hazvienderane nekumanikidza kwemutemo. Mitemo yehunhu inofanirwa kutevedzwa neruremekedzo rwechipimo chepasi pachezvacho pasina hanya nekutevedzwa kwevamwe vanhu, nepo kuterera kwemugari mutemo kunoenderana nekuti simba rekutonga rehurumende rinoita kuti vanhu vatevedzwe. Kuzadzikisa chisungo chetsika, nekupesana, hakugone kutevedzerwa kana kudikanwa zvakanyanya. Zvinobva pane zvinotarisirwa zvekudzoreredza favourite - uye pachivimbo mukuwirirana uku nekufamba kwenguva.
'Panyaya iyi, hunhu husingateverike hunopindiranawo nezvido zvemunhu zvepakati nepakati kana zvenguva refu. Uye ndizvo chaizvo izvo Sittlichkeit inogovera nekubatana. Zvakadaro, vekupedzisira havagone kuvimba nenharaunda dzezvematongerwo enyika dzisati dzave semhuri asi chete nemasangano ezvematongerwo enyika kana zvido zvezvematongerwo enyika. Mufambiro wakavakirwa pakubatana unoratidza mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika ehupenyu, nekudaro mamiriro akarongwa zviri pamutemo uye nenzira iyi ekunyepedzera.[15] Izvi zvinotsanangura kuti sei chikwereti chevimbo chinofungirwa nekubatana chisina kusimba pane chehunhu hwehunhu nekuti chikwereti ichi hachiwanikwe kuburikidza nekuvapo kwenharaunda yechisikigo. Chiri kushaikwa panyaya yekubatana, inguva yekusangana muhukama hwagara huripo hwehutsika.
'Chinokweretesa kubatana zvakare chimiro chakakosha, chechipiri, hunhu hunogumbura hwekumanikidza kana kutamburira kuti uite chivimbiso chinoiswa mukudairwa kwepamutemo kwechero hurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika. Hunhu hwekutarisira mberi uhwu hunonyanya kujeka kana kubatana kuchidikanwa panguva yekuvandudza magariro uye hupfumi, kuitira kugadzirisa masimba akatambanudzwa ehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika huripo, ndiko kugadzirisa masangano ezvematongerwo enyika ari kukanganisa kusimba risiri rakananga rekusanganisa systemic, kunyanya kudyidzana kwehupfumi kunoonekwa sezvipingamupinyi pane izvo zvinofanirwa kunge zviri mukusvika kwekutonga kwezvematongerwo enyika kwevagari vedemokrasi. Ichi chinogumbura semantic chimiro che'solidarity', pamusoro uye pamusoro pechirevo chezvematongerwo enyika, chinogona kujekeswa nekutendeuka kubva kutsananguro yepfungwa isiri yenhoroondo kuenda kunhoroondo yepfungwa iyoyo.
'Pfungwa yekubatana yakatanga kuoneka panguva apo vaimukira vakanga vachimhan'arira kubatana mupfungwa yekuvandudzwa kwehukama hwerutsigiro rwaizivikanwa asi rwakanga rwavharwa nemaitiro akakura echimanjemanje.[16] Nepo "kururamisira" uye "kusarongeka" uko kwatova kutarisa kwemakakatanwa mumagariro ekutanga akadzidza, pfungwa yekubatana ichangoburwa zvinoshamisa. Kunyange zvazvo shoko racho richigona kurondwa zvichidzokera kumutemo weRoma wezvikwereti, kubvira paChimurenga cheFrance cha1789 ndipo payakazowana revo yezvamatongerwe enyika zvishoma nezvishoma, kunyange zvazvo pakutanga ine chokuita neshoko rokuti “hama.”
'Kushevedzera kwehondo ye"fraternité" chibereko chekuitwa kwevanhu kwemaitiro chaiwo epfungwa anokonzerwa nezvitendero zvikuru zvepasi rose - zvinoti, zvekufungidzira kuti nharaunda yeko inhengo yenharaunda yepasi rose yevatendi vese vakatendeka. Aya ndiwo mabviro e'uhama' sepfungwa huru yechitendero chenyika chevanhu icho chaive chakanyanyisa uye chakasanganiswa nepfungwa yekubatana mukati mehafu yekutanga yezana ramakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe nedzidziso dzesocialism yekutanga neCatholic socialism. Kunyange Heinrich Heine akanga achiri kushandisa pfungwa dzokuti "uhama" uye "kubatana" zvakanyanya kana zvishoma zvakafanana. Mafungiro maviri aya akaparadzana munguva yekusagadzikana kwemagariro ekuswedera pedyo nehutungamiri hwemaindasitiri uye sangano revashandi rekutanga. Nhaka yehutsika hweJudeo-Christian yehama yakasanganiswa, mupfungwa yekubatana, nerepublicanism yemavambo echiRoma. Pfungwa yekuponeswa kana kusunungurwa yakabatanidzwa neiyo yerusununguko rwemutemo nerwezvematongerwo enyika.
"Pakati pezana ramakore rechi 19, kukurumidza kusiyanisa nharaunda kwakakonzera kudyidzana kwakakura kumashure kwehubaba, huchiri huzhinji hwekudyidzana uye hwemabasa hwakasiyana-siyana-zuva nezuva. Nekumanikidzwa kwezvitsiga zvekushanda uku maitiro ekare ekubatana kwevanhu akaparara uye zvakakonzera kukwira kwemapoka ekurwisana ayo akazopedzisira ari mukati memaitiro akawedzerwa ekubatana kwezvematongerwo enyika enyika. Zvikumbiro zve "kubatana" zvakava nemavambo enhoroondo mukusimba kwekurwisana kwemapoka matsva. Masangano esangano revashandi nezvikumbiro zvawo zvine hwaro hwekubatana akatambira chiitiko chakapihwa nenyaya yekuti zvehurongwa, kunyanya zvimhingamipinyi zvehupfumi zvakapfuura hukama hwekare hwekubatana. Vafambi vakabviswa munharaunda, vashandi, vashandi, uye vashandi vemazuva ese vaifanirwa kuumba mubatanidzwa kupfuura hukama hwakagadzirwa nehurongwa hwemakwikwi pamusika wevashandi. Kupokana pakati pemapoka ezvemagariro eindasitiri capitalism pakupedzisira kwakaiswa mukati mehurongwa hwenyika dzakaumbwa nedemocracy.

Nyika dzeEurope idzi dzakatora chimiro chadzo chemazuva ano chenzvimbo dzekugara zvakanaka chete mushure menjodzi dzehondo mbiri dzenyika. Mukufamba kwekudyidzana kwepasi rose kwezvehupfumi, nyika idzi dzinozviwana dzave dzakasangana nekudzvanyirira kwakanyanya kwekudyidzana kwehupfumi izvo zvino zvapinda mumiganhu yenyika chinyararire. Zvipingamupinyi zvehurongwa zvakare zvinoparadza hukama hwakasimba hwekubatana uye zvinotimanikidza kugadzira patsva nzira dzakapikiswa dzemubatanidzwa wezvematongerwo enyika wenyika. Panguva ino, mamiriro ezvinhu asingadzoreki ehurongwa hwemhando ye capitalism inosundwa nemisika yezvemari isingadzoreki inoshandurwa kuita makakatanwa pakati penyika dziri nhengo dzeEuropean Monetary Union. Kana munhu achida kuchengetedza Monetary Union, hazvichakwani, kana tichitarisa kusaenzana kwemaitiro pakati pehupfumi hwenyika, kupa zvikwereti kune nyika dzine zvikwereti zvakanyanya kuitira kuti imwe neimwe igadzirise kukwikwidza kwayo nekuedza kwayo. Chinodiwa kubatana pachinzvimbo, kushanda nesimba kubva mumaonero ezvematongerwo enyika akagovaniswa kusimudzira kukura uye kukwikwidza munharaunda yeeuro yakazara.

Kuedza kwakadaro kunoda kuti Germany nedzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka dzigamuchire mhedzisiro yenguva pfupi-uye yepakati-yepakati-zvisina kunaka mukuzvifarira kwayo kwenguva refu - muenzaniso wakasarudzika wekubatana, zvirinani pane ongororo yepfungwa yandapa'.

zvinyorwa zvehurukuro yaProfessor Jürgen Habermas - 26.04.2013

Anna van Densky

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