Bhokisi rematurusi remakore makumi manomwe: Europe inoongororazve zera mukuchembera

Mumigwagwa yemangwanani yakanyarara yeAarhus, guta rechipiri pakukura muDenmark, Jonas ane makore 58 okuberekwa akaseka achigadzirisa bhokisi rake rematurusi., anonyora Runfeng Huang.

“Handizivi kuti ndinofanira kuva nemakore mangani ndisati ndanzi ‘mudhara’ zvakare,” akadaro. "Zvinoita sekuti hurumende ichandisarudzira izvozvo." Nekukwenya musoro, akakotama kuti aenderere mberi nebasa rake.

Jonas ari pakati pevazhinji veDanes vakatarisana neramangwana rinoshanduka. Musi wa22 Chivabvu, paramende yeDenmark yakabvumira mutemo mutsva unokwidza makore epamutemo ekuenda pamudyandigere kusvika pamakumi manomwe panosvika gore ra70. Shanduko iyi ichashanda kuvanhu vakazvarwa mushure memusi wa2040 Zvita 31.

Kubva 2006, Denmark yakasungira zera rekurega basa kune tarisiro yehupenyu uye yakaridzokorora makore mashanu ega ega. Pari zvino imakore makumi matanhatu nemanomwe asi ichakwira kusvika pamakumi matanhatu nemasere muna 67 uye kusvika pamakumi matanhatu nepfumbamwe muna 68. Hurumende yakatanga hurongwa uhu kudzivirira kukwira kwemitengo yepenjeni kubva mukumanikidza mari dzeveruzhinji.

Jesper Ettrup Rasmussen, sachigaro weDanish trade union confederation, vakashoropodza hurongwa hutsva vachiti "hahuna hudyire", vachiti Denmark ine hupfumi hune hutano uye zvakadaro zera repamusoro reEU remudyandigere.

Dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka dzeEU dziri kufambawo kuti dzisimudze zera radzo remudyandigere mukupindura shanduko yehuwandu. Semuenzaniso, makore ekurega basa muGermany ari kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika ku 67 ne 2031. France ichangobva kudarika shanduko yakakakavadzana ichisimudza zera remudyandigere kubva ku62 kusvika ku64. MuNetherlands, zera rekurega basa rinosungirirwa kune tarisiro yehupenyu uye ikozvino yakagadzirirwa pa 67, uye kuwedzera kuwedzera kunotarisirwa mune ramangwana.

Kugadziriswa uku kunoratidza maitiro akafaranuka muEU yese: kuchembera kwevanhu. Maererano neEurostat, uku ndiko kukura kwenguva refu kunotungamirirwa nehuwandu hwekuzvarwa uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwehupenyu. Nhamba yeEU-27 inotarisirwa kuwedzera pamusoro pemamiriyoni e449 pakati pe2026 ne2029, isati yaderera zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika kumativi emamiriyoni e442 ne2050. Panguva imwecheteyo, nhamba yevanhu vane makore 65 uye kupfuura inotarisirwa kuwedzera zvakanyanya - kubva pamamiriyoni 90.5 muna 2019 kusvika kune mamiriyoni e130 ne2050.

Zvinoenderana nedata rakapihwa neEurostat (ona mufananidzo uri pamusoro), iyo EU-27 inomira pakati penzvimbo dzekare pasirese. Muna 2019, vangangoita makumi maviri muzana yevagari vemo vaive zera makumi matanhatu neshanu kana kupfuura - zvakanyanya kupfuura avhareji yepasi rose inosvika makumi mapfumbamwe muzana. Mukati meEU, nyika dzakaita seItari, Germany, neFrance dzinoratidza huwandu hwakanyanya hwevagari vakura, vachikwikwidza pamusoro pechati. Pasi rose, Japan inomira pachena neinosvika makumi maviri nesere muzana yevagari vemo vane makore makumi matanhatu nemashanu kana anopfuura, iyo yepamusoro-soro yenyika ipi neipi yakaongororwa. Dzimwe nyika dzakasimukira dzakaita seUnited Kingdom, Canada, neUnited States dzinowira pasi peavhareji yeEU, nehuwandu hwevanhu vakwegura kubva pa20-65%.

Sezvo huwandu hwevanhu vemuEurope vachikura, mhedzisiro yacho ichawedzera kupfuura mitemo yekurega basa. Chimwe chirikunetsa chiriporipo kuomerwa kwehurongwa hwehutano hweveruzhinji. Vanhu vakura vanowanzoda kurapwa kwakawanda, kugara muchipatara kwenguva refu, uye kurapwa kwechirwere chisingaperi. Munyika yose yeEU, kudiwa kwevashandi vanochengeta kunofungidzirwa kukura ne60% ne2050, asi vashoma vechidiki vari kupinda mumunda.

The generational squeeze iri kushandurawo nzvimbo dzebasa. MuGermany, vashandi vanopfuura makumi mashanu neshanu vava kuita makumi maviri neshanu muzana evashandi, nhamba inotarisirwa kukwira. Vashandi vadiki muzvikamu zvakaita sehutano nehuinjiniya vanotaura kunonoka kufambira mberi kwebasa sezvo vashandi vepamusoro vanononoka kuenda pamudyandigere. Welfare masisitimu muEU yose zvakare ari pasi pekunetseka kuri kuwedzera. Nevanhu vashoma vezera rekushanda vanopa mitero uye vazhinji vakasiya basa vachitora penjeni uye mabhenefiti emagariro, kugadzikana kwemari kwehurongwa hwenyika zhinji kuri mubvunzo. Mushandi wekuGermany ane makore makumi matatu nhasi anotambira 55% zvishoma mupenjeni yeveruzhinji zvine chekuita nemipiro yehupenyu hwose zvichienzaniswa nemunhu ari kuenda pamudyandigere muna25.

Kuchembera kuchasiyawo chiratidzo pahupenyu hwemudhorobha. Mataundi nemaguta akawanda eEurope achada kugadziridza zvivakwa zvawo—kuisa marifiti, kuvandudza zvifambiso zvevoruzhinji, uye kugadzira patsva dzimba kuti dzienderane nezvinodiwa nevagari vakura. Zvichakadaro, kuchembera kunokanganisa hupfumi. Vagari vakura vanowanzoshandisa mari shoma padzimba, dzidzo, uye tekinoroji yevatengi — madhiraivha makuru ekukura.

Kunze kwekusimudza zera rekurega basa, nyika dzeEU dziri kutora nzira dzakasiyana dzekugadzirisa kushushikana kuri kukura kwevakweguru. Vazhinji vari kukurudzira kutora chikamu kwenguva refu kwevashandi kuburikidza nekurudziro senge maawa ekushanda anochinja, zvirongwa zvekurega basa, uye kuzorora kwemitero kune vashandi vakura. Semuyenzaniso, Finland yakaunza “basa rekuwedzera” zvirongwa zvinopa kudzidziswazve uye ergonomic kuvandudzwa munzvimbo dzebasa kubatsira vashandi vakura kuti vagare vachishanda kwenguva yakareba.

Imwe nzira yakajairika ndeyekuwedzera nhamba dzevashandi kuburikidza nekubva kune dzimwe nyika. Germany, iyo yakatarisana neimwe yeEU iri kukurumidza kukurumidza kutsamira pazera, yakagadzirisa mavhiza evashandi vane hunyanzvi vasiri veEU, kunyanya muhutano nehuinjiniya. Spain zvakare inokurumidza-kutevera mavhiza eLatin America vanamukoti nanachiremba, ichipa kuzivikanwa kwakazara mukati memazuva makumi mapfumbamwe.

Dzimwe nyika dzakatarisana nekunyanya kuchembera maitiro dzinopa zvidzidzo zvinogona kuitika. Japan, uko vangangosvika makumi matatu muzana yehuwandu vanopfuura makumi matanhatu neshanu, yakapayona "nharaunda dzevakuru vakangwara" dzinobatanidza maturusi ehutano edhijitari, otomatiki epamba, uye nekuchengetedza nharaunda. Muguta reFujisawa, semuenzaniso, vagari vanobatsirwa kubva chaiyo-nguva yekutarisa hutano, AI-anobatsira vakwegura masevhisi, uye nharaunda tsigiro network. Aya matsva haangodzikisi dzvinyiriro pazvipatara asiwo anobvumira vagari vakura kuti vararame vakazvimirira kwenguva refu. Vagadziri vemitemo vekuEurope vari kuwedzera kudzidza mhando dzakadai sezvavanenge vachitsvaga mhinduro dzinogara dziripo uye dzine chiremera.

Huwandu hwevanhu vachembera muEurope hunoratidza kumwe kuchinja kwakadzama kwemagariro muzana remakore rechi21. Hupenyu hurefu, pachahwo, ibudiriro yakanaka-asi inounza mibvunzo yakakomba pamusoro pekuti nzanga dzinochengeta sei vakwegura vadzo, dzinotsigira vashandi vari kuderera, uye kuchengetedza kuenzana kwehurongwa hwavo hwekugara zvakanaka. Kuchembera hakungori chokwadi chehuwandu hwevanhu; ishanduko yegadziriro inobata rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu, kubva kuzvipatara nemari yepenjeni kumhuri nemisika yebasa.

Sezvo mugove wevagari vakura uchiramba uchikura, dambudziko harisi chete maitiro ekugadzirisa, asi maitiro ekuona kubatana muzvizvarwa zvese. Mukondinendi pane dzimwe nguva inorondedzerwa se“kukura,” Europe inogona sei kuramba iri nzvimbo yemikana, simba, uye kururamisira—kuvose vari vaviri vaduku navakuru? Mubvunzo iwoyo haungotsananguri mitemo chete, asi chimiro chemangwana chevanhu vekuEurope. Haisi yekusarudza pakati pevadiki nevakuru, asi pamusoro pekuvaruka mumucheka wakagovaniswa-uyo umo ruzivo rwunopisa mukana, kwete inertia.

Europe inogona kuve "yekare," asi inoputika nekusimba. Hunhu hwayo zvino huri mumabhiriji—pakati pezvizvarwa, pakati pezvinongoerekana zvaitika uye tsitsi, pakati pekuwedzera makore ekushanda nokukudza chiremerera. Dambudziko nderekudzosera kumashure kuchembera, asi kuita kuti hupenyu hurefu huve chipo: kugadzira patsva maguta emabvi asina simba, kudzidzisa AI kufambidzana vakasurukirwa, uye kukoshesa basa rekuchengeta zvakanyanya sekodhi. Sezvo nzira dzemuAarhus dzichizadzwa nevashandi vakaita saJonas, mabhokisi emidziyo neuchenjeri mumaoko, tinopupurira kondinendi ichitsanangurazve zvazvinoreva kuchembera.

Zvinyorwa: Eurostat, Destatis, Danish Paramende, The Times, BBC, OECD.

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