Mhepo yakachena 'yaizopa hutano hwakakura muBalkans'

Zvipfupi zvitatu zvakaburitswa musi wa 15 Zvita zvinoratidzira kutambura kwakanyanya kwehutano kunobva mukusangana nemhepo isina kunaka muBulgaria, Serbia, neMontenegro. (1) Mhepo yakasvibiswa zvakanyanya munyika zhinji dzeBalkan inokonzeresa zvakanyanya kukanganisa hutano munharaunda ino. Kunyangwe iine huwandu hwevanhu vanosvika mamirioni manomwe chete, Bulgaria iri pachinhanho chekutanga maererano nekufa kwegore negore nguva isati yakwana nekuda kwechikonzero ichi muEurope. Bulgaria inodarika zviuru gumi nezviuru kufa nguva isati yakwana nekuda kwemweya wakashata unogona kuenzaniswa nezviuru zvina vakafa muSwitzerland, nyika ine huwandu hwakafanana.

Panzvimbo yechipiri, 10,000 vakafa muSerbia neMontenegro imhaka yemhepo yakasvibiswa, ine vanhu vanosvika mamirioni manomwe uye 620,000 zvichiteerana. Romania iri pachinhanho chechitatu, Poland iri pachinhanho chechina uye Hungary iri pachitanhatu. (2)

Nepo mhedzisiro yekushata kwemweya wekufema uye chirwere chemoyo ichizivikanwa, zvichangobva kuwanikwa nesainzi zvinowedzera njodzi kuhutano hwevana. Semuyenzaniso, humbowo huri kuramba huchiwedzera hunoratidza kuti kusvibiswa kwemhepo kwaamai kuri kukonzera njodzi huru yekuti mwana wavo azvarwe aine huremu hushoma kana nguva isati yakwana. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvinoratidza njodzi yekusangana kwaamai kunotungamirira kukukura kwezvirwere zvisingaperi mumwana wake gare gare muupenyu, kusanganisira kufutisa, chirwere cheshuga uye kenza dzine chokuita nehomoni, dzakadai sezamu, prostate uye testes.

Hunhu hwemhepo husina kunaka hunobva munzvimbo dzakawanda, dzakadai semaindasitiri, zvekufambisa, kana zvekurima; asi kusvibiswa kwemhepo kubva mukugadzirwa kwesimba uye kushandiswa, kusanganisira marasha emagetsi emagetsi ndiko kunonyanya kunetseka muBalkan. Mifananidzo kubva mushumo weHEAL "Bhiri reUtano Husina Kubhadharwa, Magetsi emarasha anotirwarisa" anoratidza 18,200 kufa nguva isati yakwana gore rega rega muEurope inokonzerwa nekusangana nekusvibiswa kwemhepo kunoenderana nemagetsi emagetsi emarasha. (3) Inenge 2,000 yenzufu idzi dzinoitika muBulgaria uye imwe 2,000 muSerbia, huwandu hwe22% hunoitika munyika mbiri idzi chete. (4)

Nhoroondo yakaratidza kukurumidza kuvandudzwa kwehutano hwevanhu zvichitevera mutemo wakasimba wekuvandudza mhepo. Semuenzaniso, kurambidzwa kwekupisa marasha muDublin, Ireland mumakore ekuma1990 kwakakonzera kudzikiswa kwe8% yehuwandu hwevanhu vanofa muguta pamwe nekuderedzwa kwe13% muchirwere chekufema uye 7% muchirwere chemoyo.

Mugore rapfuura, gakava renyika pamusoro pesarudzo dzesimba muGermany nePoland rakabatanidza nhaurirano pamusoro pezvinokonzeresa kusvibiswa kwemhepo kwakashata pautano uye kukuvadzwa kunobva kukugadzira magetsi emarasha kunyanya. (5) Zvinyorwa zvitsva zvinokurudzira kuti vashandi vezvokurapa muBulgaria, Serbia neMontenegro vanyatsofunga nezvezvakatipoteredza pavanenge vachiongorora varwere, kutarisa uye kuzivisa pamusoro pemamiriro ehutano hwemhepo, uye kubatanidzwa mukuvandudzika kwemitemo pakusarudza simba. (1)

"Tinoda kuona vanachiremba nevamwe vashandi vehutano vachiratidzira mutengo wehutano hwemarasha uye tichikurudzira vanoita sarudzo munyika kuti vatarise mitengo iyi musarudzo dzesimba," akadaro Vlatka Matkovic Puljic, murongi wepurojekiti yeHEAL pamusoro pesimba uye hutano. kumaodzanyemba uye nechepakati kumabvazuva kweEurope nyika. “Kusarudza kuvaka magwenya matsva emagetsi emarasha kungakanganisa kuedza kwakanangana nekurwisa zvirwere zvisingaperi uye kudzivirira utano hwevana.”

1. Zvipfupi zvitatu mu HEAL series pamusoro pehutano hwemhepo

• Kusvibiswa Kwemhepo uye Hutano muBulgaria: Chokwadi, Nhamba uye Mazano

• Kusvibiswa Kwemhepo uye Utano muMontenegro: Chokwadi, Nhamba uye Mazano

• Kusvibiswa Kwemhepo uye Utano muSerbia: Chokwadi, Nhamba uye Mazano

2. Chati inoratidza kufa kwegore negore kubva pakusangana kwehutano hwemhepo munyika dzeEurope (Yakayerwa maererano nekusangana nePM2.5 (chete chemukati chidiki pane 2.5 micrometers) uye ozone, iyo miviri inokuvadza zvakanyanya.

* Chiyero chehuwandu hwekufa chinoverengerwa sehuwandu hwevakafa pahuwandu (Nhamba yevakafa kubva kune chisingaperi PM2.5 uye ozone exposure / Inofungidzirwa 2010 yepakati pehuwandu hwevanhu) * 100,000)

Sources:

Kune iyo data yekufa nguva isati yakwana: Mutengo-Benefit Ongororo yeFinal Policy Scenarios yeEU Yakachena Mhepo Package. Gumiguru 2014. p. 48-49  

Kune iyo data pahuwandu hweEU: Eurostat: Shanduko yehuwandu - Demographic chiyero uye crude rates padanho renyika

3. Bhiri reUtano Husina Kubhadharwa, Magetsi emarasha anotirwarisa sei, HEAL, Kurume 2013

4. Data pamusoro pehutano hwehutano uye mutoro wemari kubva kumagetsi emagetsi emarasha

Bulgaria: Vanosvika zviuru zviviri zvevaBulgaria vanofa gore rega rega nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwemhepo nekuda kwemagetsi emarasha. Vanhu vanopfuura mazana mapfumbamwe nemakumi maviri muBulgaria vanorwara nechirwere chebronchitis chisingaperi uye mazana matanhatu vari muchipatara nekuda kwezviratidzo zvekufema kana zvemoyo. Mutengo une chekuita nerufu urwu uye hutano husina kunaka nekuda kwekusangana neutsi kubva kumagetsi emagetsi emarasha unofungidzirwa kusvika pamadhora 2,000 bhiriyoni pagore.

Serbia: Vanenge zviuru zviviri zvevaSerbia vanofa gore rega rega nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwemhepo nekuda kwemagetsi emarasha. Vanhu vanopfuura chiuru muSerbia vanotambura nechirwere chebronchitis chisingaperi uye mazana matanhatu vari muchipatara nekuda kwezviratidzo zvekufema kana zvemoyo. Mutengo une chekuita nerufu urwu uye hutano-hurwere unofungidzirwa kusvika pamadhora 2,000 bhiriyoni pagore.

Montenegro: Hapana data rakasiyana.

5. HEAL Annual Review 2013, Climate and Energy, peji 11

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