Mibvunzo nemhinduro pane EU kubvumidzwa kwechipiri kuzvipira nguva yeKyoto Protocol

1. Komisheni yeEuropean irikurudzirei?

Komisheni yakatura chisungo chekutambirwa kweinonzi Doha Amendment to the Kyoto Protocol. Iyo Doha Amendment, yakabvumiranwa pamusangano weUN mamiriro ekunze muDoha, Qatar muna Zvita 2012, ine zvigadziriso zvakati kuKyoto Protocol inogadza nguva yechipiri yekuzvipira ine zvisungo zvinosunga zviri pamutemo zvegore ra2013-2020. Kana yangotambirwa neKanzuru (nemvumo yeParamende yeEuropean), mutongo wakapihwa wekubvumidza waizogonesa zvisungo zvinosunga zviri pamutemo zveEU munguva yechipiri yeKyoto kuti zvitange kushanda mumutemo wepasi rose kana Doha Amendment yawana zvibvumirano zvakakwana kuti zvitange kushanda.

Sarudzo yekubvumidza yakatsanangurwa neKomisheni inopedzisa Doha Amendment yakamiririra EU. Zvakadaro, sezvo Kyoto Protocol chiri chibvumirano icho EU nenyika dziri nhengo dzayo dziri mapato, nyika imwe neimwe nhengo inozodawo kubvumidza Doha Amendment pachinzvimbo chayo. Izvi zvinoshandawo kuIceland, iyo EU nenyika dzenhengo dzayo dzinofunga kuzadzisa kuzvipira kwavo.

Kana maitiro ese ekubvumidzwa epamba apera, European Union, nyika dzenhengo dzayo neIceland vanoisa midziyo yavo yekubvumidza kuUN panguva imwe chete kuitira kuti vaone kuti kupinda musimba kunoitika kune vese panguva imwe chete. Nekuisa chikumbiro chayo izvozvi, Komisheni inovavarira kuti iyi dhipoziti yezviridzwa zvechibvumirano neEU, nyika dzenhengo dzayo neIceland zviitike kutanga kwa2015.

Komisheni iyi yakurudzirawo kuvandudzwa kweEU Monitoring Mechanism Regulation¹ kune magasi egreenhouse kugonesa kuitiswa kwehuwandu hwezvinhu zvehunyanzvi zvine chekuita nenguva yechipiri yekuzvipira.

2. Ko zvikumbiro zvinoshandura zvinangwa kana zvisungo zvenyika dzenhengo pasi pemutemo wa2009 'Climate and Energy Package'?

Kwete. Pakugadzirira kuzvipira kwakabatana kunofanira kutorwa neEU, nyika dzenhengo dzayo neIceland pamwe chete, Kanzuru yakagumisa muna Kurume 2012 kuti kuzvipira kwakabatana kunofanirwa "kutemerwa pahwaro hwehuwandu hwemhepo (greenhouse gas) inobvumidzwa pasi pe Climate and Energy Package,” nokudaro zvichiratidza kuzvipira kweEU kune imwe nyika kuderedza kuburitsa kwayo ne20% pasi pemazinga a1990 panosvika gore ra2020. Kanzuru yakagumisawo kuti, nemaitiro aya, “zvisungo zvekuderedza kuburitswa kwedzimwe nyika dziri nhengo dzeEU hazvichapfuurire. zvisungo zvakabvumiranwa mumutemo weEU".

Komisheni yakagadzira chirevo chayo pachikonzero ichi. Saka chikumbiro hachishandure zvinangwa uye zvisungo zvakamiswa mumutemo weEU pasi peClimate uye Energy Package.

3. Ko EU haisati yave kutevedzera mutemo wechipiri wekuzvipira here? Sei ratidzo ichidikanwa?

Hongu, zvichibva paClimate and Energy Package, EU nenyika dziri nhengo dzayo dziri kutoshandisa kuderedza kusvibiswa kwemhepo ne20% panosvika gore ra2020. Izvi zvakavabvumira kubvuma kuita zvisungo zvavo zvekuderedza kuzvipira kwechipiri cheKyoto Protocol sekutanga kwayo pa1. Ndira 2013.

Ratification inodiwa zvakadaro kuti ikwanise kupinda musimba reDoha Amendment sezvisungo zvinosunga zviri pamutemo.

Kugonesa kupinda musimba rezvisungo zveEurope sezvisungo zvinosungirwa zviri pamutemo mumutemo wepasi rose zvinotumira chiratidzo chakasimba nezvekuzvipira kweEU nenyika dzenhengo dzayo kumitemo inotungamirwa nemubatanidzwa wenyika dzakawanda yekugadzirisa shanduko yemamiriro ekunze pasi rose, iye zvino uye remangwana nechibvumirano chitsva chepasi rose chemamiriro ekunze icho chinofanirwa kupedzwa ne2015.

4. Kuzadzika pamwe chete kunorevei?

'Kuzadzikiswa kwakabatana' ishoko rehunyanzvi reKyoto Protocol. Zvinoreva kuti mapato akati wandei anogona kubvumirana kuzadzisa zvisungo zvavo zvekuburitsa pamwe chete.

Kana chisungo chemubatanidzwa chaitwa, mapato ese ari kutora chikamu mu'kuzadzikiswa kwakabatana' anoonekwa sekutevedzera zvisungo zveKyoto Protocol. Chete kana chibvumirano chemubatanidzwa chikasaitwa ndipo Bato rega rega rinova nemhosva yedanho raro rekuburitsa, maererano 'nematemu ekuzadzikiswa kwakabatana.'

5. Chii chingaitika kana imwe nyika kana Iceland ikasazadzisa chinangwa chayo chenyika pasi pemutemo weEU uye pasi peKyoto Protocol?

Zvinangwa zvezvinobuda munyika zvakaiswa mumutemo weEU kuburikidza ne2009 Effort Sharing Decision.² Kana Nhengo yeNyika ikasazadzisa chinangwa ichi, izvi zvinogona kuve kutyora mutemo weEU, izvo zvinoreva kuti Komisheni inogona kuvhura iyo inonzi 'kutyora maitiro'.

Chero bedzi kuzvipira kwakabatana kwekudzikisa neEuropean Union, nyika dzenhengo dzayo neIceland kuchiitwa, kuongororwa kwekuteerera pasi peKyoto Protocol hakutarise kana nyika dzenhengo dzega dzakazadzikisa zvinangwa zvavo zvenyika.

Kusatevedzera Kyoto Protocol neimwe nhengo yenyika kunogona kuitika chete kana:

1. Kuzvipira kwakabatana pakati peEU, nyika dzenhengo dzayo neIceland hakuna kuwanikwa; uye

2. Nhengo yega yega yenyika haitevedze chinangwa chayo chenyika; uye

3. Nyika yenhengo haitengi zvikamu zvinokwana zvepasi rose zveKyoto zvinoripira kuperevedza mukuderedzwa kwayo kwekubuda mudzimba.

Pamusoro pezvo, EU uye imwe neimwe yenhengo dzechibvumirano chekuzadzika kwakabatana, kusanganisira nyika dzenhengo, ichave yakabatana mukusatevedzera kana kuzvipira kwakabatana pakati peEU, nyika dzenhengo dzayo neIceland kukasaitika.

Ongororo yekutevedzwa kwechikamu chechipiri chekuzvipira kweKyoto haizoitike kusvika muna 2023. Kusvika ipapo, EU, nyika dzenhengo dzayo neIceland dzichaongorora mafambiro adzo ekuburitsa uye fungidziro kusvika muna 2020 kuti vaone kuti vanogara munzira yekuzadzisa zvinangwa zvavo. Kana mabudiro enguva yese yechipiri yekuzvipira akagadzwa (panosvika 2023), pachave neimwe nguva yekuwedzera yekuti mapato ese atenge emission units kuitira kudzivirira kusatevedzera.

6. Chii chaizoitika kana EU, nyika dzenhengo neIceland vakatadza kuita chibvumirano chavo chakabatana?

Kana kuzvipira kwakabatana kweEU, nyika dzenhengo dzayo neIceland, kureva kudzikiswa kwe20% kuburitswa panosvika 2020, kukange kusati kwaitwa, kuongororwa kwekuteerera pakupera kwenguva yechipiri yekuzvipira kwaizofunga kana EU, nyika dzenhengo dzayo neIceland. vaitevedzera mazinga ezvinobuda pasi pemabasa avo ega. Iwo mazinga ekuburitsa ega ega anofanirwa kurongwa maererano nekuzadzikiswa kwakabatana, pamwe chete nekubvumidzwa, chaizvo nekuda kweichi chinangwa.

7. Sei EU iri kuita pamwe chete kuzadzikiswa neIceland?

Senhengo yeEuropean Economic Area, Iceland yave kutotora chikamu muEU's greenhouse gas emissions trading system. Muna 2009, Iceland yakaratidza chinangwa chayo chekuzadzisa zvisungo zvayo munguva yechipiri yekuzvipira pamwe chete neEU nenyika dzenhengo dzayo. Kanzuru yakagamuchira chikumbiro ichi uye yakagumisa kuti kuzadzikiswa kwakabatana munguva yechipiri yekuzvipira kunofanira kusanganisira Iceland. Kanzuru yakakumbirawo Komisheni kuti igadzirire mazano akakodzera panyaya iyi.

8. Chinangwa cheIceland chichava chei?

Chinangwa cheIceland chichaiswa pasi muchibvumirano chichiri kuda kutaurirana neIceland.

9. Kuzadzika kwakabatana neIceland kunoenderana here neIceland kupinda muEU?

Kwete. Iceland inofarira kuzadzikiswa pamwe chete neEU nenyika dziri nhengo dzayo zvisinei nekuti inopinda muEU here kana kuti kwete. Kumiswa kwenhaurirano dzekupinda pakati peIsland neEU nokudaro hakuna chazvinoita pakuzadzikiswa kwakabatana kwechisungo chakabvumiranwa neEU, Nhengo dzayo dzeNyika neIceland kwechikamu chechipiri chekuzvipira cheKyoto Protocol.

10. Kubvumidzwa kunosanganisirei?

Maitiro ekubvumidza, senzira inotungamira kusimba rinosunga zviri pamutemo reDoha Amendment yeEU, nyika dzenhengo dzayo neIceland, inosanganisira makumi matatu maitiro ekubvumidzwa kwemukati nekuti rimwe nerimwe remapato aya rinoda kubvumidza Doha Amendment.

Chibvumirano neIceland pachinangwa cheIceland chinoda kupedzwa sarudzo yekubvumidzwa neEU isati yatambirwa zviri pamutemo sezvo ichida kuiswa imomo. Kana maitiro ese ekubvumidzwa epamba apera, EU, nyika dzenhengo dzayo neIceland vachaisa panguva imwe chete midziyo yavo yekubvumidza kuUN.

Kana mapato zana nemakumi mana nemana emuKyoto Protocol akaisa magwaro avo ekubvumidza, Doha Amendment ichatanga kushanda kune iwo mapato akatobvumirana.

11. Mangani mamwe mapato ari kutora chikamu munguva yechipiri yekuzvipira?

Mapato ese e192 kuKyoto Protocol akabvumirana kuDoha Amendment kumisa nguva yechipiri yekuzvipira. Zvakadaro, mapato emunyika dzakasimukira chete akanyorwa muKyoto Protocol's Annex B anotora zvisungo zvekubudisa mhepo pasi peProtocol.

Mapato makumi matatu nemasere emunyika dzakasimukira, anosanganisira EU, nyika dziri nhengo dzayo neIceland, atora zvisungo zvinosunga zviri pamutemo zvekuburitsa kwechikamu chechipiri zvinosvika pakuderedzwa kweavhareji inosvika 18% pasi pemazinga a1990.

Nhamba yemapato enyika dzakabudirira ane kuzvipira kwechipiri chikamu chimwe kupfuura pasi penguva yekutanga yekuzvipira. Mapato mana asina kuzvipira munguva yekutanga - EU nhengo dzeCyprus neMalta, pamwe neBelarus neKazakhstan - dzakatora imwe yechipiri. Nekudaro, Japan, New Zealand neRussian Federation, idzo dzakaita zvisungo kekutanga, hadzina kutora zvisungo zvechikamu chechipiri. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nguva yechipiri yekuzvipira inovhara chikamu chidiki chidiki chekubuda kwepasi rose - kutenderedza 14-15% - pane yekutanga.

Iyo Kyoto Protocol haisiriyo yega chishandiso chekugadzirisa emissions, zvisinei. Nyika dzinopfuura makumi manomwe dzakasimukira uye dzichiri kusimukira dzisina zvisungo pasi penguva yechipiri yeKyoto, kusanganisira China, US, India, Japan neRussia, vakaita zvisungo zvekuzvidira kudzikamisa kana kuderedza kuburitsa kwavo panosvika 70.

12. Chii chiri mupiro weEU mukubudiswa kweGHG pasi rose?

EU pari zvino inotora chikamu che11% chekuburitswa kwegasi regreenhouse pasi rose. Izvi zvinosanganisira zvinobuda, kana kutorwa, nemasango nenzvimbo dzekurima.

13. Ndedzipi shanduko huru muKyoto Protocol yakagadziridzwa?

Shanduko huru ndeyekugadzwa kwechipiri nguva yekuzvipira uye zvisungo zvitsva zvekuburitsa zvakanyorwa zvenguva yacho.

Imwezve shanduko, yakaunzwa padanho reEU, inoita kuti mapato asimbise zvisungo zvawo zvekuburitsa mukati menguva pasina hurongwa hwekubvumidzwa. Pamusoro pezvo, Doha Amendment inosanganisira gadziriro inovimbisa kuti zvisungo zvenguva yechipiri hazvisi zvishoma zvekuda kupfuura izvo zviri pasi pekutanga.

14. Chikumbiro cheKomisheni panyaya dzehunyanzvi chinobatanidzei?

Pane akati wandei ezvehunyanzvi nyaya dzine chekuita nehutungamiriri hwemayuniti ekubudisa emission nokuda kwezvinangwa zve accounting munguva yechipiri yekuzvipira iyo inoda kuitwa kuburikidza neregistries system yeEU nenyika dziri nhengo. Iyo Sarudzo yakatsanangurwa panhau dzehunyanzvi inopa hwaro hwepamutemo hwekugadzirisa iripo Registries Regulation³ uye shandisa idzi tekinoroji nyaya kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda zvizere accounting system munguva yechipiri yekuzvipira. Inoda kubvumidzwa neParamende yeEuropean uye Kanzuru kuburikidza nekuita sarudzo-yekuita.

15. Nguva yekuzvipira yechipiri ichatanga riini?

Iyo Doha Amendment inogadza yechipiri nguva yekuzvipira ichatanga kushanda pazuva rechimakumi mapfumbamwe mushure mekunge mapato zana nemakumi mana nemana kubva pagumi nemakumi mapfumbamwe nemaviri ari muKyoto Protocol aisa midziyo yavo yekusimbisa neUN.

16. Pane mapato akatobvumirana here neDoha Amendment?

Parizvino mapato matatu abvumirana: Barbados, United Arab Emirates neMauritius.

onawo IP/13/1035

Goverana ichi chinyorwa: