Hutongi hwehupfumi hweEU hwakatsanangura

Mitemo (yakaunzwa kuburikidza neinonzi Six Pack, Mitemo Yepaketi mbiri uye Chibvumirano cheKugadzikana, Kubatana uye Kutonga) yakavakirwa muEuropean Semester, iyo EU's economic policy co-ordination calendar. Hurongwa hwakabatana uhwu hunoita kuti pave nemitemo yakajeka, kurongeka kuri nani kwemitemo yenyika mugore rose, kutevedzana nguva dzose uye mukana wezvirango zvinokurumidza kutadza kutevedzera. Izvi zvinobatsira nyika dziri nhengo kuti dziite hurongwa hwadzo hwebhajeti nekuvandudza zvisungo, ukuwo zvichiita kuti Economic and Monetary Union iwedzere kusimba.

Aya anotevera ndiwo akakosha maficha eiyo system:

CO-ORDINATION MUGORE ROSE: THE EUROPEAN SEMESTER

Dambudziko risati raitika, hurongwa hwebhajeti uye hwehupfumi muEU hwakaitika kuburikidza nemaitiro akasiyana. Pakange pasina kunyatsotarisisa kwakadzama kwekuedza kwakaitwa padanho renyika, uye mukana mudiki wekuti nyika dziri nhengo dzikurukure zano remubatanidzwa rehupfumi hweEU.

Kubatana uye kutungamira

European Semester, yakaunzwa muna 2010, inovimbisa kuti nyika dzenhengo dzinokurukura hurongwa hwadzo hwebhajeti nehupfumi nevadyidzani vadzo veEU panguva dzakatarwa gore rese. Izvi zvinovabvumira kutaura pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemumwe nemumwe uye zvinoita kuti Komisheni ipe gwara remitemo nyika dzenhengo dzisati dzatora sarudzo dzekupedzisira. Komisheni inoongororawo kana nyika dzenhengo dziri kushanda dzakananga kumabasa, dzidzo, hunyanzvi, mamiriro ekunze uye kuderedza hurombo zvinangwa zveEU yenguva refu yekukura zano, 'Europe 2020'.

Nguva yakajeka

Kutenderera kunotanga munaNovember gore rega rega nekudhindwa kweiyo Ongororo yeKomisheni yeKukura Kwepagore uye Alert Mechanism Report. Ongororo yeAnnual Growth Survey inotaridza zvinokosheswa nehupfumi hweEU uye inopa nyika dzenhengo gwara remitemo yegore rinotevera. Iyo Alert Mechanism Report ndiyo yekutanga kwegore negore Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP). MIP ine chinangwa chekuona nekugadzirisa kusaenzana kunotadzisa kushanda zvakanaka kwehupfumi hwenyika dziri nhengo, hupfumi hweEU, kana eurozone.

Mushure mekuongorora kuyedza kwekuvandudza uye zvisungo zvakaitwa nenyika yega yega nhengo, kurudziro yakanangana nenyika yakaburitswa muchirimo inopa nyika dzenhengo mazano anoenderana nezvezviitwa zvegore rinotevera kufambisira mberi magadzirirwo akadzama uye emari, ayo anowanzotora rinopfuura gore kuti apedze.

Kutariswa kwebhajeti inowedzera munguva yechando yenhengo dzeEurozone, iyo inofanirwa kuendesa zvirongwa zvebhajeti ne15 Gumiguru gore rega rega. Vanozoongororwa neKomisheni ne30 Mbudzi uye vanokurukurwa pakati pevashandi vezvemari veeurozone.

Komisheni inotarisisa maitirwo emitemo, ichitarisa kunhengo dzenhengo dzine matambudziko emari kana emari.

Kuronga bhajeti zvine mutoro

The Stability and Growth Pact yakaunzwa panguva imwe chete semari imwe chete kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chemari yeruzhinji muEU. Zvakadaro, mashandisirwo azvaiitwa dambudziko risati raitika hazvina kudzivirira kubuda kwekusagadzikana kwemari kwakakomba mune dzimwe nyika dziri nhengo. Kusaenzana uku kwakafumurwa panguva yekunetsa kwemari.

The Stability and Growth Pact yakasimbiswa neSix Pack (yakava mutemo muna Zvita 2011), iyo Two Pack (iyo yakava mutemo muna Chivabvu 2013), uye zvakare neChibvumirano cheKugadzikana, Co-ordination uye Hutongi (yakava mutemo muna Chivabvu 2013). Ndira 25 munyika dzayo makumi maviri neshanu dzakasaina[1]).

Mitemo iri nani yekuvimbisa kurangwa kwebhajeti:

• Musoro wekushomeka uye miganhu yechikwereti: Miganhu ye3% yeGDP yekushaikwa kwehurumende uye 60% yeGDP yechikwereti cheruzhinji yakaiswa muSability and Growth Pact uye yakanyorwa muEU Treaty. Dzinoramba dzichishanda.
• Kutarisa kwakasimba pachikwereti: Mitemo mitsva inoita kuti iripo 60% yeGDP chikwereti muganho kushanda. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nyika dzenhengo dzinogona kuiswa pasi peExcessive Deficit Procedure kana dziine chikwereti chiri pamusoro pe60% yeGDP isiri kudzikiswa zvakakwana (kureva kuti iyo yakawandisa inopfuura 60% haisi kuburuka neinosvika 5% pagore paavhareji kupfuura matatu. makore, kana kuti Nhengo yeNyika haisi kufambira mberi zvakakwana kusvika padanho rinodiwa rekudzikisa chikwereti panguva yekuchinja kwemakore matatu.[2]).
• Benchmark itsva yekushandisa: Pasi pemitemo mitsva, mari yehurumende haifaniri kukwira nokukurumidza kudarika yepakati-kati inogona kukura GDP, kunze kwekunge ichifananidzwa nemari yakakwana.
• Kukosha kwechinzvimbo chebhajeti chepasi: The Stability and Growth Pact inotarisa zvakanyanya pakuvandudza mari yehurumende mumitemo yezvirongwa (tichifunga nezvemigumisiro yekuderera kwehupfumi kana matanho ega ega pane kukanganisa). Nyika dziri nhengo dzinoisa zvinangwa zvebhajeti repakati-kati, zvinogadziridzwa makore matatu ega ega, nechinangwa chekuvandudza bhajeti radzo ne0.5% yeGDP pagore sechiyero. Izvi zvinopa muganho wekuchengetedza pakutyora 3% musoro wekushomeka muganho, nenyika dzenhengo, kunyanya idzo dzine zvikwereti pamusoro pe60% yeGDP, yakakurudzirwa kuita zvakawanda kana nguva dzehupfumi dzakanaka uye shoma kana dzakashata.
• Chibvumirano chezvemari chenyika makumi maviri neshanu: Zvinoenderana neChibvumirano cheKugadzikana, Kubatana uye Kutonga (TSCG), kubva muna Ndira 2014, zvinangwa zvebhajeti zvepakati-kati zvinofanirwa kunge zviri chikamu chemutemo wenyika uye panofanirwa kuve nemuganho we0.5% weGDP pane kushomeka kwezvimiro (kukwira kusvika pa1. % kana chikwereti-ku-GDP chikwata chiri pasi pe60%. Iyi inonzi Fiscal Compact. Chibvumirano ichi chinotiwo nzira dzekugadzirisa otomatiki dzinofanirwa kukonzereswa kana iyo dhizaini yezvimiro (kana nzira yekugadzirisa yakanangana nayo) ikatyorwa, izvo zvinoda kuti nhengo dzenhengo dzisarudze, mumutemo wenyika, sei uye riini padzichagadzirisa kutyorwa kwemutemo wenyika. nzira yebhajeti remangwana.

Kuchinja-chinja panguva yedambudziko: Nekutarisa pane zvakarongwa bhajeti chiyero, iyo inobvisa kukanganisa kwehupfumi kutenderera pamwe chete-yega kana matanho echinguvana, Stability and Growth Pact inoshanduka panguva yedambudziko. Kana kukura kukadzikira zvisingatarisirwi, nyika dzenhengo dzine kushomeka kwebhajeti pamusoro pe3% yeGDP dzingawana imwe nguva yekudzigadzirisa, chero bedzi dzakaita basa rinodiwa remari. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika muna 2012 kuSpain, Portugal neGreece, uye muna 2013 kuFrance, Netherlands, Poland neSlovenia.

Kutevedzwa kuri nani kwemitemo

• Kudzivirira kuri nani: Nyika dziri nhengo dzinotongwa kuti dzinozadzikisa zvinangwa zvebhajeti repakati-kati. Izvi zvinorongwa muna Kubvumbi gore rega rega nenhengo dzeeurozone nyika muSability Programs uye nenyika dzisiri nhengo dzeeurozone muConvergence Programs. Zvirongwa izvi zvinoburitswa nekuongororwa neKomisheni neEU Kanzuru yeMakurukota uye zvinodyira mukurudziro yeKomisheni yakanangana nenyika chitubu chega chega.
• Yambiro yekukurumidza: Kana paine "kutsauka kwakakosha" kubva pachinangwa chepakati-kati kana nzira yekugadziriswa kwairi, Komisheni inotaura yambiro kuNyika Yenhengo, iyo inofanirwa kutsigirwa neEU Finance Ministers, uye inogona kuziviswa pachena. Mamiriro acho anozoongororwa gore rose. Kana imwe nhengo yeEurozone nyika ikatadza kugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu, Komisheni inogona kupa chirango nenzira yedhipoziti inosvika 0.2% yeGDP kuti ibhadharwe muakaundi ine mubereko. Chero zvirango zvakadaro zvinofanirwa kubvumidzwa neEU Council of Ministers uye zvinogona kudzoserwa kumashure kana Nhengo yeNyika ikagadzirisa kutsauka.
• Yakawandisa Deficit Procedure (EDP): Kana nyika dzenhengo dzikatyora mwero wekushomeka kana muyedzo wechikwereti, Komisheni inogadzirira mushumo wekuona kana iyo Yakanyanya Kutadza Procedure (EDP) inofanira kutangwa. Nyika dziri nhengo muEDP dzinofanira kuongororwa zvakanyanya (kazhinji mwedzi mitatu kana mitanhatu yega yega) uye dzine nguva yekupedzisira yekugadzirisa mamiriro acho ezvinhu. Komisheni inotarisa kutevedza kwegore rose, zvichibva pane zvakajairwa zvehupfumi uye data yeEurostat. Komisheni inogona kukumbira rumwe ruzivo kana kukurudzira chimwe chiito kubva kune avo vari panjodzi yekupotsa nguva yavo yekushomeka.
• Zvirango zvinokurumidza: Kunyika dzenhengo dzeEurozone pasi peKunyanya Kusakwana Maitiro, zvirango zvemari zvinotanga uye zvinogona kuwedzerwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Kutadza kudzikisa kushomeka kunogona kukonzera faindi inosvika 0.2% yeGDP. Izvi zvinogona kukwira kusvika pa0.5% kana hutsotsi hwehuwandu hukaonekwa. Zvirango zvinogona kusanganisira kumiswa kweEuropean Structural and Investment Funds (kunyangwe nyika dzisiri dzeeurozone, kunze kweUnited Kingdom). Kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo, ona info graphic mu Annex.
• Hurongwa hutsva hwekuvhota: Sarudzo pamusoro pezvirango zvakawanda pasi peExcessive Deficit Procedure inotorwa neReverse Qualified Majority Voting (RQMV), zvinoreva kuti miripo inoonekwa seyakatenderwa neEU Council of Ministers kunze kwekunge ruzhinji rwenhengo dzenhengo dzakakodzera dzikaapidigura. Izvi zvaisaita Six Pack isati yatanga kushanda. Pamusoro pezvo, Nyika makumi maviri neshanu dzakasaina Chibvumirano cheKugadzikana, Kudyidzana uye Kutonga dzakabvuma kushandisa nzira yeRQMV kare muchirongwa ichi zvakare, semuenzaniso, pakusarudza kana kuisa nyika yenhengo pasi peKunyanya Kusakwana Maitiro.

AKASIMBISA-KUSVIRA KUTARISIRA MUEUROZONE

Dambudziko iri raratidza kuti matambudziko ari munyika imwe chete ari nhengo ye eurozone anogona kukanganisa nyika dzakavakidzana. Naizvozvo, kuwedzera kurongeka uye kuongorora kunodiwa kuti kuve nematambudziko asati aita systemic.

The Two Pack, iyo yakava mutemo musi wa 30 Chivabvu 2013, yakaunza kutenderera kutsva kwekutarisa eurozone, nenhengo dzenhengo dzichitumira na15 Gumiguru kuKomisheni inoronga hurongwa hwebhajeti inofukidza gore rinotevera (kunze kweiyo nyika dzine macroeconomic ekugadzirisa zvirongwa). Komisheni inobva yapa pfungwa pamusoro pavo pakupera kwaMbudzi.

Iwo maviri Pack akaunzawo zvinotevera:

• Nyika dzenhengo dzichiwana kurudziro nyowani pasi peKunyanya Kusaita Maitiro vanofanirwa kuendesa Economic Partnership Programmes, iyo inosanganisira ruzivo rwemari uye magadzirirwo ezvimiro avanoda kuita (semuenzaniso, pamasystem epenjeni, mutero kana hutano hwehutano hweveruzhinji) kugadzirisa kushomeka kwavo nekusingaperi.
• Nyika dziri nhengo dziri kusangana nematambudziko emari kana pasi pezvirongwa zvekuchengetedza rubatsiro kubva kuEuropean Stability Mechanism vari pasi pe "kuongororwa kwakawedzerwa", kunosanganisira ongororo yenguva dzose neKomisheni. Vanofanira kupa imwe data, semuenzaniso, pazvikamu zvavo zvemari.
• Zvirongwa zvekubatsira mari: Nyika dzenhengo dzine matambudziko anogona kuve ne "zvakakomba mhedzisiro" kune yasara eurozone inogona kukumbirwa kugadzirira yakazara macroeconomic kugadzirisa zvirongwa. Sarudzo iyi inotorwa neEU Council of Ministers, ichishanda nevakawanda vanokwanisa, pachikumbiro kubva kuKomisheni. Aya mapurogiramu ari pasi pekota yekuongorora mishoni uye mamiriro akasimba mukutsinhana chero rubatsiro rwemari.
• Post-program surveillance: Mushure mekubuda muchirongwa chekugadzirisa hupfumi, nyika dzenhengo dzinoongororwa mushure mechirongwa kusvika dzabhadhara 75% yerubatsiro rwemari rwavakapihwa.

KUTARIRA KWAKWEDZWA KUTI MACROECONOMIC IMBALANCES

The Zvitanhatu Pack yakaunza hurongwa hwekutarisisa marongero ehupfumi hwakawanda, kuitira kuti vaone matambudziko akadai semabhavhu ezvivakwa, nyaya mukugadzikana kwekunze kana kudonha kwemakwikwi kutanga. Izvi zvinonzi the Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure, uye ine akati wandei matanho anotevedzana:

• Alert Mechanism Report (AMR): Nyika dzenhengo dzinoongororwa kusaenzana kunokwanisa kutarisana nebhodhi rezvibodzwa zve11 zviratidzo, pamwe nezviratidzo zvekubatsira uye rumwe ruzivo, kuyera budiriro yehupfumi nekufamba kwenguva. Mbudzi wega wega, Komisheni inoburitsa zvakabuda muAlert Mechanism Report (ona MEMO/13/970) Chirevo chinozivisa Nhengo dzeNyika dzinoda kumwe kuongororwa (Ongororo Yakadzama), asi haitore mhedziso pamusoro pekuvapo kwekusaenzana uye haipe kurudziro.
• Ongororo Yakadzama: Komisheni inoita Ongororo Yakadzama yeNyika idzo Nhengo dzakaonekwa muAMR kuitira kuti iongorore zvakadzama kuunganidza nekuregedza kusaenzana, nenjodzi dzine chekuita nekukura, mabasa uye kugadzikana kwemari. Iwo Akadzama Ongororo anoburitswa muchirimo uye anoona kana paine kusaenzana kana kusaenzana kwakanyanya. Iri basa rekuongorora rinodyisa kune nyika-chaiwo bumbiro remitemo (CSRs) mukupera kwaChivabvu kana kutanga kwaChikumi.
• Yakawandisa Imbalance Procedure: Kana Komisheni ikagumisa kuti kusaenzana kwakanyanya kuripo munhengo yenhengo, Iyo Yakanyanyisa Imbalance Procedure inogona kutangwa. Muchiitiko ichi, Nhengo yeNyika inobatanidzwa inofanirwa kugadzira hurongwa hwekugadzirisa, kusanganisira mazuva ekupedzisira ematanho matsva. Ichi chirongwa chekugadzirisa chiito chinofanira kutsigirwa neKomisheni neEU Council of Ministers. Komisheni inotarisa gore rose kuti mitemo iri muchirongwa iri kuitwa here.
• Faindi dzenhengo dzeeurozone: Mafaindi anoshanda chete sechisarudzo chekupedzisira uye anobvisiswa kukundikana kudzokororwa kuita chiito, kwete pakusaenzana pachako. Semuyenzaniso, kana Komisheni ikaramba ichigumisa kuti chirongwa chekugadzirisa hachifadzi, inogona kutaura kuti Kanzuru yeMakurukota ibhadharise faindi ye0.1% yeGDP pagore (kunyika dziri nhengo dzeEurozone chete). Zvirango zvinoshandawo kana nyika dzenhengo dzikatadza kutora matanho zvichienderana nehurongwa (kutanga nedhipoziti ine mubereko ye0.1% yeGDP, iyo inogona kushandurwa kuita faindi kana pakadzokororwa kusatevedzera). Zvirango izvi zvinotenderwa kunze kwekunge ruzhinji rwenyika dziri nhengo rwuri kukwanisa kuzvipidigura.

A DEPER ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION

Mabhindauko akaitwa mumakore achangopfuura haana kumboitika, asi dambudziko iri rakaratidza kuti kudyidzana kwehupfumi hwedu kwakakura sei kubva pakavambwa sangano reEconomic and Monetary Union. A Deeper and Fairer Economic and Monetary Union ndechimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha zveJuncker Commission sekutsanangurwa kwayo. Nhungamiro dzezvematongerwo enyika. Izvi zvinoreva kuenderera mberi nekuvandudzwa kwemubatanidzwa weEconomic and Monetary Union kuitira kuchengetedza kugadzikana kwemari imwe chete uye kusimudzira kufambirana kwemitemo yezvehupfumi, zvemari nemusika wevashandi pakati penyika dziri nhengo dzinogovana mari imwe chete.

Pamusangano wekupedzisira weEurozone Summit musi wa 24 Gumiguru, Komisheni yakakokwa kuti igadzire, mukubatana nenyika dzenhengo, nzira dzakasimba dzekusimbaradza hurongwa hwehupfumi, kuchinjika uye kubatana. Eurozone Summit yakakokwa Mutungamiri weKomisheni, mukubatana pamwe neMutungamiri weEuro Summit, Mutungamiri weEurogroup uye Mutungamiriri weEuropean Central Bank, kugadzirira matanho anotevera ekutonga kwehupfumi kuri nani mueurozone. Mutungamiri Juncker vazivisa kuti vachapa kuna Zvita European Council kuti vari kuda kuendesa mberi basa sei pahwaro hweCommission's Blueprint yeDeep and Genuine Economic and Monetary Union, yakaburitswa 28 Mbudzi 2012 (ona. IP/12/1272) Uhu huchave hwaro hwekuparura mamwe matanho emutemo uye asiri emutemo kudzamisa mubatanidzwa weEconomic and Monetary Union.

More mashoko

PaEuropean Semester
Pamusoro peKuwedzeredza Kutadza Procedure (kusanganisira inoenderera EDPs nenyika)
PaMacroeconomic Imbalances Procedure (kusanganisira wongororo dzakadzama nenyika)

CHIKAMU

Pfupiso yenyika dziri nhengo

Iyo Yakawandisa Deficit Procedure pakungotarisa

[1] Nyika dzese nhengo kunze kweCzech Republic, United Kingdom neCroatia.

[2] Nyika dzaive muEDP pazuva rakatambirwa Six Pack pact kuSability and Growth Pact - inova 8 Mbudzi 2011 - ichave pasi pehurongwa hwekuchinja kwemakore matatu zvichitevera kugadziriswa kwekushomeka kwadzo kwakanyanyisa. Mukati memakore matatu iwayo, chinodiwa chechikwereti chinozotongwa zvichienderana nekuti nhengo yenhengo iri kutaurwa inofambira mberi zvakakwana mukutevedzwa.