Utongi hwehupfumi hweEU hwakatsanangura

Zvidzidzo zvakadzidzwa kubva mudambudziko remari ichangopfuura rezvemari, rezvemari uye rakazvimiririra zvakakonzera shanduko dzakatevedzana dzemitemo yeEU, kuunza, pakati pezvimwe zvinhu, masisitimu matsva ekuongorora hurongwa hwebhajeti uye hwehupfumi, uye hurongwa hutsva hwebhajeti reEurozone.

Mitemo mitsva (yakaunzwa kuburikidza neSix Pack, iyo Two Pack uye Chibvumirano cheKugadzikana, Kudyidzana uye Kutonga) yakavakirwa muEuropean Semester, iyo EU khalenda yekugadzira mitemo. Iyi hurongwa hwakabatana hunovimbisa kuti kune mitemo yakajeka, kuwirirana kuri nani kwemitemo yenyika mukati megore rose, kutevera nguva dzose uye zvirango zvinokurumidza zvekutyora mitemo. Izvi zvinobatsira nyika dzenhengo kuti dziite hurongwa hwadzo hwebhajeti nekuvandudza zvisungo uku zvichiita kuti Economic and Monetary Union iwedzere kusimba.

Izvi zvinotevera zvinhu zvakakosha zvehurongwa hutsva.

Kurongeka kwegore rose: Iyo European Semester

Dambudziko risati raitika, hurongwa hwebhajeti uye hwehupfumi muEU hwakaitika kuburikidza nemaitiro akasiyana. Pakanga pasina maonero akakwana ekuedza kwakaitwa padanho renyika, uye pakanga pasina mukana we nyika dzenhengo kukurukura zano remubatanidzwa rehupfumi hweEU.

Kubatana uye kutungamira

European Semester, yakaunzwa muna 2010, inovimbisa kuti nyika dzenhengo dzinokurukura hurongwa hwadzo hwebhajeti nehupfumi nevadyidzani vadzo veEU panguva dzakatarwa gore rese. Izvi zvinovabvumira kutaura pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemumwe nemumwe uye zvinoita kuti Komisheni ipe gwara remitemo nenguva, sarudzo dzisati dzaitwa padanho renyika. Komisheni zvakare inotarisisa kana nyika dzenhengo dziri kushanda dzakananga kumabasa, dzidzo, hunyanzvi, mamiriro ekunze uye kuderedza hurombo zvinangwa muEU yenguva refu yekukura zano, Europe 2020.

Nguva yakajeka

Kutenderera uku kunotanga muna Mbudzi gore rega rega neCommission's Annual Growth Survey (general economic priorities for the EU), iyo inopa nyika dzenhengo gwara remitemo yegore rinotevera.

Kurudziro dzakanangana nenyika dzakaburitswa muchirimo dzinopa nyika dzenhengo zano rakagadzirirwa pane dzakadzama shanduko yezvimiro, izvo zvinowanzotora rinopfuura gore kuti dzipere.

Kutariswa kwebhajeti reEurozone kuri kuwedzera kupera kwegore, nyika dziri nhengo dzichiendesa zvirongwa zvebhajeti, izvo zvinoongororwa neKomisheni uye zvinokurukurwa nemakurukota ezvemari eEurozone. Komisheni inoongorora zvakare mamiriro emari mueurozone yakazara.

Komisheni inotarisisa kuitwa kwezvinotanga uye shanduko kakawanda pagore, ichitarisa kune eurozone uye nhengo dzenhengo dzine matambudziko emari kana emari.

• Mbudzi: The Annual Growth Survey (AGS) inotaridza zvese zvakakosha zvehupfumi zveEU kwegore rinotevera. Iyo Alert Mechanism Report (AMR) inoongorora nyika dzenhengo kusaenzana kwehupfumi. Komisheni inoburitsa maonero ayo pamusoro pezvirongwa zvebhajeti (kunyika dzese dzeeurozone) uye Economic Partnership Programs (kunyika dzeeurozone dzine kushomeka kwebhajeti rakawandisa). Zvirongwa zvebhajeti zvinokurukurwawo nemakurukota ezvemari eeurozone.

• Zvita: Nyika dzenhengo dzeEurozone dzinotora mabhajeti ekupedzisira epagore, vachifunga nezvezano reKomisheni uye maonero emakurukota ezvemari.

• February / March: Paramende yeEuropean nemakurukota eEU akakodzera (ebasa, hupfumi uye mari, uye kukwikwidza) musangano muKanzuru vanokurukura nezve AGS. Komisheni inoburitsa fungidziro yayo yechando yehupfumi. European Council inotora zvakakosha zvehupfumi zveEU, zvichibva paAGS. Pari panguva ino apo Komisheni inoburitsa ongororo dzakadzama dzenhengo dzenhengo dzine mukana wekusaenzana (izvo zvakaonekwa muAMR).

• Kubvumbi: nyika dzenhengo dzinoendesa Zvirongwa zvadzo zveKusimba/Kuchinja (zvirongwa zvebhajeti zvenguva yepakati) uye Zvirongwa zvavo zveNyika Reform (zvirongwa zvehupfumi), izvo zvinofanirwa kuenderana nezvose zvakambotaurwa neEU. Izvi zvinofanirwa kuitwa ne15 Kubvumbi asi pasati papfuura 30 Kubvumbi gore rega rega. Eurostat inoburitsa chikwereti chakasimbiswa uye deficit data kubva mugore rapfuura, izvo zvakakosha kutarisa kana Nhengo dzeNhengo dziri kusangana nezvinangwa zvavo zvemari.

• Chivabvu: Komisheni inokurudzira kurudziro yakanangana nenyika (CSRs), zano remitemo rinoenderana nenyika dzenhengo zvichibva pane zvakakosha zvakaonekwa muAGS uye ruzivo kubva muzvirongwa zvakagamuchirwa muna Kubvumbi. Muna Chivabvu, Komisheni inoburitsawo fungidziro yehupfumi hwechirimo.

• Chikumi / Chikunguru: European Council inotsigira maCSR, uye makurukota eEU vanosangana muKanzuru vanokurukura nezvazvo. Makurukota ezvemari eEU anozopedzisira avatora muna Chikunguru.

• Gumiguru: Nyika dzenhengo dzeEurozone dzinoendesa zvirongwa zvebhajeti regore rinotevera kuKomisheni (na 15 Gumiguru). Kana hurongwa husingaenderane nezvinodiwa nenyika yenhengo dzepakati nepakati, Komisheni inogona kukumbira kuti igadziriswezve.

Kuwedzera kuita bhajeti

The Stability and Growth Pact yakagadzwa panguva imwe chete semari imwe chete kuitira kuti ive nechokwadi chemari yehurumende. Zvakadaro, mashandisirwo azvaiitwa dambudziko risati raitika hazvina kudzivirira kubuda kwekusagadzikana kwemari kwakakomba mune dzimwe nyika dziri nhengo.

Yakagadziridzwa kuburikidza neSix Pack (iyo yakava mutemo muna Zvita 2011) uye iyo Yechipiri Pack (iyo yakatanga kushanda muna Chivabvu 2013), uye yakasimbiswa neChibvumirano cheKugadzikana, Coordination uye Hutongi (chakatanga kushanda muna Ndira 2013 muna Chivabvu 25). nyika dzayo XNUMX dzakasaina).

Mitemo iri nani

1. Musoro wekushomeka uye miganhu yechikwereti: Miganhu ye3% yeGDP yekushomeka uye 60% yeGDP yechikwereti yakaiswa muSability and Growth Pact uye yakanyorwa muChibvumirano. Dzinoramba dzichishanda.

2. Kutarisa kwakasimba pachikwereti: Mitemo mitsva inoita kuti iripo 60% yeGDP chikwereti muganho kushanda. Izvi zvinoreva kuti nhengo dzenhengo dzinogona kuiswa muExcessive Deficit Procedure kana dziine zvikwereti zviri pamusoro pe60% yeGDP izvo zvisiri kuderedzwa zvakakwana (apo iyo yakawandisa inopfuura 60% haisi kuburuka neinosvika 5% pagore. paavhareji kwemakore matatu).

3. Benchmark itsva yekushandisa: Pasi pemitemo mitsva, mari yehurumende haifaniri kukwira nokukurumidza kudarika yepakati-kati inogona kukura GDP, kunze kwekunge ichifananidzwa nemari yakakwana.

4. Kukosha kwechinzvimbo chebhajeti chepasi: The Stability and Growth Pact inotarisa zvakanyanya pakuvandudza mari yehurumende mumitemo yezvirongwa (tichifunga nezvemigumisiro yekuderera kwehupfumi kana matanho ega ega pane kukanganisa). nyika dzenhengo dzinoisa zvinangwa zvebhajeti zvepakati-kati, zvinogadziridzwa makore matatu ega ega, nechinangwa chekuvandudza chiyero chadzo ne0.5% yeGDP pagore. Izvi zvinopa chengetedzo muganho pakutyora 3% musoro wekushomeka muganho, neNhengo dzeNyika, kunyanya idzo dzine zvikwereti pamusoro pe60% yeGDP, yakakurudzirwa kuita zvakawanda munguva dzakanaka dzehupfumi uye zvishoma munguva dzakaipa dzehupfumi.

5. Chibvumirano chezvemari chenyika makumi maviri neshanu: Pasi peChibvumirano cheKugadzikana, Kurongeka uye Kutonga (TSCG), kubva muna Ndira 2014 zvinangwa zvebhajeti zvepakati-kati zvinofanirwa kuisirwa mumutemo wenyika uye panofanirwa kuve nemuganho we0.5% weGDP pakushomeka kwemaitiro (kukwira kusvika ku1% kana chikwereti-ku-GDP chiyero chiri pasi pe60%). Izvi zvinonzi Fiscal Pact. Chibvumirano ichi chinotiwo nzira dzekugadzirisa otomatiki dzinofanirwa kukonzereswa kana iyo dhizaini yezvimiro (kana nzira yekugadzirisa kuenda kwairi) ikatyorwa, izvo zvinoda kuti nhengo dzenhengo dzitaure mumutemo wenyika kuti dzichagadzirisa sei uye riini pakutyora kwekufamba bhajeti remangwana.

6. Kuchinja-chinja panguva yedambudziko: Nekutarisisa pachinzvimbo chebhajeti panguva yepakati, Chibvumirano cheKugadzikana uye Kukura chinogona kuchinjika panguva yedambudziko. Kana kukura kukadzikira zvisingatarisirwi, nyika dzenhengo dzine kushomeka kwebhajeti pamusoro pe3% yeGDP dzingawana imwe nguva yekudzigadzirisa, chero bedzi dzakaita hurongwa hunodiwa. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika muna 2012 kuSpain, Portugal neGreece, uye muna 2013 kuFrance, Netherlands, Poland neSlovenia.

Kutevedzwa kuri nani kwemitemo

1. Kudzivirira kuri nani: nyika dzenhengo dzinotongwa kuti dzinozadzikisa zvinangwa zvebhajeti repakati-kati, sekutsanangurwa kwadzo kweKugadzikana/Convergence Zvirongwa (zvirongwa zvebhajeti zvemakore matatu, izvo zvekare zveeurozone nyika, yekupedzisira yeEU) zvinopihwa Kubvumbi wega wega. Izvi zvinoburitswa nekuongororwa neKomisheni neKanzuru, uye zvinodyira muKomisheni-yakanangana nenyika kurudziro chitubu chega chega.

2. Yambiro yekukurumidza: Kana pane "kutsauka kwakakosha" kubva kune chinangwa chepakati-kati kana nzira yekugadzirisa kwairi, Komisheni inotaura yambiro kune nhengo yenyika, kuti ibvumirwe neKanzuru uye inogona kuziviswa pachena. Mamiriro acho anozotariswa gore rose, uye kana ikasagadziriswa, Komisheni inogona kupa dhipoziti ine mubereko ye0.2% yeGDP (eurozone chete), iyo inofanirwa kubvumidzwa neKanzuru. Izvi zvinogona kudzoserwa kunhengo yenyika kana ikagadzirisa kutsauka.

3. Yakawandisa Deficit Procedure (EDP): Kana nyika dzenhengo dzikatyora kungave kushomeka kana chiyero chechikwereti, vanoiswa muKuwedzeredza Deficit Procedure, uko ivo vari pasi pekuwedzera kutariswa (kazhinji mwedzi mitatu kana mitanhatu yega yega) uye vanoiswa zuva rekupedzisira rekugadzirisa kukanganisa kwavo. Komisheni inotarisa kutevedza kwegore rose, zvichibva pane zvakagara zvichiitika zvehupfumi uye data yeEurostat. Komisheni inogona kukumbira rumwe ruzivo kana kukurudzira chimwe chiito kubva kune avo vari panjodzi yekupotsa nguva yavo yekutadza.

4. Zvirango zvinokurumidza: Kunyika dziri nhengo dzeeurozone muKunyanya Kusakwana Maitiro, zvirango zvemari zvinotanga uye zvinogona kuwedzerwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Kutadza kuderedza kushomeka kunogona kuguma nefaindi ye0.2% yeGDP. Faindi dzinogona kukwira kusvika pa 0.5% kana hutsotsi hwenhamba hukaonekwa. Zvirango zvinogona kusanganisira kumiswa kwemari yedunhu reEU (kunyangwe nyika dzisiri dzeeurozone). Mukufanana, 25 Nhengo dzeNyika dzakasaina TSCG dzinogona kubhadhariswa 0.1% yeGDP yekutadza kubatanidza zvakanaka Fiscal Pact mumutemo wenyika.

5. Hurongwa hutsva hwekuvhota: Sarudzo pamusoro pezvirango zvizhinji pasi peExcessive Deficit Procedure inotorwa neReverse Qualified Majority Voting (RQMV), zvichireva kuti faindi dzinoonekwa sedzabvumwa neKanzuru kunze kwekunge ruzhinji rwenyika dzinokwanisa dzikapidigura. Izvi zvaisaita Six Pack isati yatanga kushanda. Pamusoro pezvo, idzo nyika makumi maviri neshanu dzakasaina Chibvumirano cheKugadzikana, Kurongeka uye Hutongi dzakabvuma kudzokorora nzira yeReverse QMV kunyangwe pakutanga mukuita, semuenzaniso, pakusarudza kana kuisa nhengo yenhengo muKunyanya Kutadza Maitiro.

Kuwedzera-kuongororwa mueurozone

Dambudziko rakaratidza kuti kuomerwa mune imwe nhengo yeEurozone kunogona kukonzera kutapurirana munyika dzakavakidzana. Naizvozvo, kumwe kuongorora kunodiwa kuve nematambudziko asati aita systemic.

The Two Pack, iyo yakatanga kushanda musi wa30 Chivabvu 2013, yakaunza kutenderera kutsva kwekutarisa eurozone, nekutumirwa kwenhengo dzenhengo dzehurongwa hwebhajeti wega Gumiguru (kunze kweavo vari pasi pezvirongwa zvekugadzirisa hupfumi). Komisheni inobva yapa pfungwa pamusoro pavo.

Izvi zvinobvumirawo kuongororwa kwakadzama kwenyika dzeeurozone mukushomeka kwakanyanya, uye kuongororwa kwakasimba kweavo vakatarisana nematambudziko akakura.

• Nyika dzenhengo muExcessive Deficit Procedure haifanire kungoendesa hurongwa hwebhajeti chete, asiwo Zvirongwa Zvekudyidzana Economic, izvo zvine huwandu hwakadzama hwekugadzirisa hupfumi (semuenzaniso, pamasystem epenjeni, mutero kana hutano hweveruzhinji) izvo zvinogadzirisa kushomeka kwavo nekusingaperi.

• Nyika dziri nhengo dziri kusangana nematambudziko emari kana pasi pezvirongwa zvekuchengetedza rubatsiro kubva kuEuropean Stability Mechanism vanoiswa pasi pe "enhanced surveillance", zvinoreva kuti vari pasi pemisheni yekuongorora nguva dzose neKomisheni uye vanofanira kupa rumwe ruzivo, semuenzaniso, pazvikamu zvezvemari.

• Zvirongwa zvekubatsira mari: Nyika dzenhengo dzine matambudziko anogona kuve ne "zvakakomba mhedzisiro" kune yasara eurozone inogona kukumbirwa kugadzirira yakazara macroeconomic kugadzirisa zvirongwa. Sarudzo iyi inotorwa neKanzuru, ichiita neruzhinji rwakakodzera, pachikumbiro kubva kuKomisheni. Aya mapurogiramu ari pasi pekota yekuongorora mishoni uye mamiriro akasimba mukutsinhana chero rubatsiro rwemari.

• Post-program surveillance: Nyika dzenhengo dzichatariswa mushure mechirongwa chero bedzi 75% yerubatsiro rwemari yakaderedzwa ichiripo.

Monitoring yakatambanudzirwa kune macroeconomic kusaenzana

Tichitora pane zvakaitika padambudziko, iyo Six Pack shanduko yakaunza hurongwa hwekutarisisa hurongwa hwehupfumi hwakakura, kuona matambudziko akaita semabhangi edzimba, matambudziko emabhangi kana kudonha kwemakwikwi kare mumutambo.. Iyi inonzi Macroeconomic Imbalances Procedure , uye ine akati wandei matanho anotevedzana:

1. Kudzivirira kuri nani: Nyika dzese dziri nhengo dzinoramba dzichiendesa National Reform Programs - izvi zvave kuitwa gore rega rega muna Kubvumbi. Izvi zvinoburitswa neKomisheni uye zvinoongororwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti chero shanduko dzakarongwa dzinoenderana nekukura kweEU uye zvekutanga mabasa, kusanganisira iyo Europe 2020 zano rekukura kwenguva refu.

2. Yambiro yekukurumidza: Nyika dzenhengo dzinoongororwa kusaenzana kunokwanisa kutarisana nebhodhi rezvibodzwa zve11 zviratidzo, pamwe nezviratidzo zvekubatsira uye rumwe ruzivo, kuyera budiriro yehupfumi nekufamba kwenguva. Mbudzi wega wega, Komisheni inoburitsa zvakabuda muAlert Mechanism Report (ona MEMO/12/912) Chirevo chinozivisa nhengo dzenhengo dzinoda kumwe kuongororwa (wongororo yakadzama), asi haitore mhedziso.

3. Kuongorora kwakadzama: Komisheni inoita ongororo yakadzama yenyika idzo nhengo dzakaonekwa muAMR dzingangove panjodzi yekusaenzana. Ongororo yakadzama inoburitswa muchirimo uye inosimbisa kana kuramba kuvepo kwekusaenzana, uye kana yakawandisa kana kwete. Nhengo dzeNyika dzinokumbirwa kuti dzitore zvakawanikwa muongororo yakadzama muzvirongwa zvadzo zvekuvandudza kwegore rinotevera. Chero kutevera kunobatanidzwa muzano iro Komisheni inopa kune imwe neimwe nhengo yenyika munyika-yakananga kurudziro pakupera kwaChivabvu.

Yakanyanyisa Imbalances Procedure: Kana Komisheni ikagumisa kuti kusaenzana kwakanyanya kuripo munyika dziri nhengo, inogona kukurudzira kuti nhengo yenhengo iite hurongwa hwekugadzirisa, kusanganisira mazuva ekupedzisira ezviyero zvitsva. Kurudziro iyi inotambirwa neKanzuru. Komisheni inotarisa gore rose kuti mitemo iri muchirongwa iri kuitwa here.

2. Faindi dzenhengo dzeeurozone: Mafaindi anoshanda chete sechisarudzo chekupedzisira uye anobvisiswa kukundikana kudzokororwa kuita chiito, kwete pakusaenzana pachako. Semuenzaniso, kana Komisheni ichidzokorora kuti chirongwa chekugadzirisa hachifadzi, inogona kutaura kuti Kanzuru ibhadharise faindi ye0.1% yeGDP pagore (eurozone chete). Zvirango zvinoshandawo kana nyika dzenhengo dzikatadza kutora matanho zvichienderana nehurongwa (kutanga nedhipoziti ine mubereko ye0.1% yeGDP, iyo inogona kushandurwa kuita faindi kana pakadzokororwa kusatevedzera). Zvirango zvinotenderwa kunze kwekunge ruzhinji rwenhengo dzenhengo dzakakodzera dzikazviramba.

Chirongwa chenguva yemberi

Mabhindauko akaitwa mumakore matatu apfuura haana kumboitika, asi dambudziko iri rakaratidza kuti kudyidzana kwehupfumi hwedu kwakakura zvakadii kubva pakavambwa sangano reEconomic and Monetary Union. Pari kudiwa zvakanyanya kuti nyika dzeEurozone dzishande pamwe chete kuita sarudzo dzematongerwo enyika dzinofunga nezvekufarirwa kwevamwe vadzo nhengo dzeEurozone.

Mazano eEuropean Commission nezveramangwana akaiswa muBlueprint on a Deep and Genuine Economic and Monetary Union, yakaburitswa 28 Mbudzi 2012 (ona. IP/12/1272) Iyo Blueprint inotaridza nzira yekuvaka pane shanduko dzakatoitwa mukati memwedzi nemakore ari kuuya.

Zvichitevera kubva muBlueprint, Komisheni yakagadzira pfungwa dzayo dzekukurudzira nekutsigira nyika dziri nhengo dziri kuita shanduko dzakaoma (ona IP/13/248) Zvikumbiro izvi zvichagadziriswa zvichitevera nhaurirano kuEuropean Council.

More mashoko

PaEuropean Semester
PaKunyanya Kusakwana Maitiro (kusanganisira EDPs dziri kuitika nenyika)
Pamusoro peMacroeconomic Imbalances Procedure (kusanganisira wongororo dzakadzama nenyika)

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