Mafungiro: Gore Idzva rinodaidzira shanduko mumafungiro ehurumende mune ramangwana reBritain

Sezvo isu tichipinda mugore idzva, nei iyo UK yarasika nzira yayo mune zvehupfumi kubva patakagadzira yekutanga Industrial Revolution iyo yakasimudzira nyika yedu kupinda munyika ine simba kwazvo mune zvehupfumi pasi rose? Mukuona kuderera uku tinofanira kubvunza mubvunzo, chii musayendisiti mukurusa womuzana remakore rechi20, Albert Einstein uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu huru yomuzana remakore rechi20, Constantin Carathéodory, zvakafanana nemumwe John Argyris, muvambi weFinite Element Method uye munyori weiyo seminal 1960 kudhindwa.?

The Einstein-Argyris link

Saka chinyorwa ichi chine chekuita nei nekuderera kwehupfumi hweBritain? Panyaya iyi mhedziso yeinjiniya mumwechete ane basa rakanyatso shandura nyika yeinjiniya asi uko iyo UK 'Kuvambwa' isingazive kana kunzwisisa kukosha kukuru kwehupfumi nekubatsirika uko mainjiniya anogona kupa nyika. Izvi zvinonyatsojeka nehonours system, uko kune vashoma mainjiniya vakave nehunyanzvi mumakore uye munguva dzazvino (kwete kunyangwe mainjiniya mukuru weVictorian Isambard Kingdom Brunel achidzokera kumazuva ane simba eBritish Empire akaitwa Sir Isambard. ) Nokudaro zviri pachena kuti 'Kugadzwa', kusiyana nemaGermany anoziva kukosha kwevanjiniya kune simba ravo rehupfumi, Britain haisi pachena. Dai zvaidaro pangadai zvisingaverengeki mainjiniya eBritish akange agamuchira knighthood.

Chokwadi, muGermany mainjiniya ehunyanzvi anoremekedzwa sepadanho rakafanana nevarapi vavo vekurapa asi kwete muno muUK nekuda kwechimwe chikonzero chisinganzwisisike, kunyangwe Humambo hweBritain pahwakavakirwa pahunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi hwedu hweinjiniya hwaive godo re nyika panguva idzodzo. Naizvozvo chinyorwa ichi chine chekuita nehuinjiniya nehunyanzvi hwesainzi hunoumba nyika yedu uye kupi nekuti makirasi edu ezvematongerwo enyika neebhizinesi muUnited Kingdom akafuratira simba guru iri kwemakore, hupfumi hwedu hwakadzikira. Chokwadi kugadzikana kwehurumende dzakatevedzana kubva pakupera kweWW2 kuenda kubasa reinjiniya mukati meUK zvinosemesa kutaura zvishoma uye pazvisingashamise kuti vemabhanga nevamwe vakarovera nyika semabatiro avakaita kuburikidza nekusaziva uye kusaziva. vezvematongerwo enyika vedu uye Whitehall mandarins. Panyaya iyi mainjiniya akaonekwa nemasimba ari sevagari vechikamu chechipiri mukugadzira hupfumi uye zvirinani kuisa mazai ese ehupfumi hwenyika mubhasiketi rimwe re 'Guta' uye maindasitiri ebasa pane kuvaka nyika ine simba. yakavakirwa pamusoro peinjiniya uye nheyo dzekugadzira.

Panyaya iyi zvakare, vana whiz muWhitehall nemakurukota akabvuma kuisa pfungwa dzake zvakanyanya pa'Guta' uye maindasitiri ebasa, vanofanirwa kusungirirwa kubva kuTower Bridge sezvo vari ivo chaivo vakaparadza hupfumi hwedu nemararamiro evanhu. kwemakumi emakore ari kuuya zvino (ndiko kana tikakwanisa kubuda muzvikwereti zvedu zvakakura uye matambudziko ehupfumi ayo vanhu ava vakatitorawo nekusaziva?).

Muchokwadi, hurumende ne 'Whitehall' havambodzidzi kubva mukukanganisa kwavo uye kuti mune yekupedzisira nyaya, ndivo vanonyanya kutyisidzira nyika ino kuti igadzirise hupfumi mune ramangwana uye mune 'chaiwo' mazwi akanaka, kana isu tisingabatanidzi kuparadza. yegore negore inflation. Kubatana Pakati paEinstein, Carathéodory naArgyris Sezvambotaurwa, Muzvinafundo Ray Clough uyo akarondedzerwa nevakawanda sainjiniya mukuru weUnited States of America, akatanga kugadzira mutsara wekuti 'The Finite Elements Method' mubhuku rake ra1960. Iyo Finite Element Method muPrane Stress Analysis pamusangano we2nd American Society of Civil Engineer's conference on Electronic Computation, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia (1960).

Mubepa iroro Clough akataura kuti Finite Element Method yaive 'Argyris Method' saka akaregedza kugadzirwa kwemazuva ano kweFEM kuArgyris. Murume ane zita ravasingazozivi kana kutomboziva, asi kwaaive shasha yeinjiniya sezvakaita babamunini vake aive ari mumasvomhu epamusoro mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi20, uye kwaaive murairidzi waEinstein, Constantin Carathéodory. Argyris, sasekuru vake vemasvomhu Carathéodory (aive mukoma waamai vaArgryis), aive injinjiniya nezvidzidzo uye kudzidziswa, asi kwavakaita vese kubva kunheyo iyi yeinjiniya vakatamisa nekufamba kwenguva kuenda kune aeronautical nemasvomhu zvine ruremekedzo. Chokwadi Carathéodory, kwenguva yakati, akashandira maBritish muEgypt pakuvaka madhamu. Ukuwo Argyris aishandira kambani huru yekugadzira mainjiniya yeGerman uye structural engineering. Asi tisati tanyatsobatanidza Argyris nebasa rake, tinofanira kutarisa kune mamwe maviri kuti tione kana nyanzvi iri muropa remhuri. Muna ikoku pakanga pasina panikiro kuti Einstein naCarathéodory vakanga vari nyanzvi asi Argyris akanga ariwo here?

Kubatana kweEinstein-Carathéodory

Kunyangwe pakanga pasina kupokana kuti Einstein aive shasha sezvo aive akaunza zvese pamwechete (nenzira dzakawanda dzakafanana neiyo yekuwanikwa kwechimiro cheDNA chakaitwa naWatson), pane humbowo hushoma hunoratidza kuti masvomhu ake aive asina. kusvika pakukwenya. Vamwe vanoti mudzimai wake wekutanga Mileva Maric-Einstein akamubatsira nezvidzidzo zvake zvepolytechnic maererano nezvinyorwa zvemasvomhu pavakanga vari vese kuyunivhesiti yehunyanzvi uye kuti iye naCarathéodory akabatsira nekuita masvomhu akakosha aitsigira mapepa ake ane mukurumbira. Zviratidzo zveizvi ndezvekuti Einstein paakaburitsa bepa rake rekutanga zita remukadzi wake rakabuda pabepa sevanyori-vanyori / vatsikisi asi mushure mekunge Einstein ave nemukurumbira wenyika, zita reMileva rakanyangarika. Einstein kunyangwe mumabhii aasina kuparadza kuMileva uye akachengeterwa zvizvarwa nemasangano (nechimwe chikonzero chisinganzwisisike Einstein akapisa mabhii aya epachivande mushure mekunge mapepa ehukama aburitswa), Einstein akati… 'basa redu'. Mabhii eEinstein-Carathéodory anosimbisawo idi rokuti masvomhu aEinstein akatsigirwa nezvakataurwa nababamunini vaArgyris, Constantin Carathéodory.

Inotevera mienzaniso mishomanana yekuchinjana uku uye zvakataurwa naEinstein nezveCarathéodory (uye apo Einstein akanga ava pedyo nekuguma kwehupenyu hwake). Tsamba yakabva kuna Einstein ichienda kuCarathéodory (yakanyorwa) Berlin, Svondo: "Mudikani wandinoshanda naye! Ndinoona mabviro ako anoshamisa, zvino ndava kunzwisisa zvinhu zvose. Pakutanga, zvikanganiso zviduku zvekunyora papeji yechipiri zvakanga zvandiparira mamwe matambudziko. Iye zvino, zvisinei, ndinonzwisisa. zvese.Unofanira kuburitsa dzidziso iyi muchimiro chitsva ichi muAnnals of Physics sezvo vefizikisi vasingawanzoziva chero chinhu nezvenyaya iyi sezvandakaitawo kwandiri.Netsamba yangu ndinofanira kunge ndakasangana nemi seBerliner Ndichangobva kuwana Grunewald uye ndakashamisika kana vanhu vanga vachitogaramo.Kana musinganetseki kuitawo nhamburiko yokuratidza kwandiri shanduro dzechokwadi, muchawana mandiri vateereri vanotenda uye vakateerera.Kana iwe, zvisinei, ukapindura mubvunzo. nezve nzira dzenguva yakavharwa, ndichamira pamberi penyu ndakapeta maoko angu. Chokwadi chiripo, zvisinei, chakakodzera kudikitira. Waziwai Albert Einstein wako."

Tsamba kubva kuna Einstein kuenda kuCarathéodory

Pana 6 September 1916, Einstein akanyorera Carathéodory uye pakupera kwetsamba yake akabvunza Carathéodory kuti: “Mungafunga zvishoma nezvedambudziko remakwara enguva yakavharwa here? . Ndinokushuvirai zvose zvakanaka kubva kune venyu chokwadi, A. Einstein." (Izvo zviri pamusoro apa kuva nzwisiso huru uye nzwisiso yakakosha yemasvomhu kuratidza dzidziso yehukama)

Tsamba yakabva kuCarathéodory kuna Einstein Carathéodory yakapindura Einstein pana Zvita 16, 1916, kuti: “Mudikani shamwari, mifungo mikuru murondedzero yezvinotsiva zvemagwaro matsvene inogona kuwanwa zviri nyore zvikuru mumurangariro wangu nenzira inotevera. (Panobva pauya matauriro esvomhu kubva mudzidziso yeHamilton-Jacobi. Magadzirirwo acho anopera ...) "Nezvishuwo zvakanakisa, zvako zvechokwadi, C. Carathéodory."

Chokwadi mavara mashoma aripo pakati paEinstein naCarathéodory uye visa-versa (achangoburwa ari mumaoko evakuru veIsrael) anoratidza kuti Carathéodory yaive yakakosha munzira dzakawanda kusimbisa dzidziso dzaEinstein (idzo zvakare vamwe vanoti dzakabva munhaurirano nemikana. pamwe neCarathéodory). Zvechokwadi Einstein pachake akataura pane imwe yenguva yake yekupedzisira kuoneka: "Unondikumbira kuti ndipindure kumarudzi ose emibvunzo, asi hapana akamboda kuziva kuti ndiani aiva mudzidzisi wangu, akandiratidza nzira yekuenda kusayenzi yepamusoro yemasvomhu, pfungwa nekutsvakurudza. . Ndinongotaura kuti mudzidzisi wangu akanga ari muGiriki asingaenzaniswi naKonstantinos Karatheodoris, watinofanira kuva naye zvinhu zvose.”

Zvamazvirokwazvo, akanga ari muGiriki wokuThrace sokuzivikanwa kwaaiita Einstein kwaakanga amboonana naye uye akanga amubatsira kupedzisa dzidziso yokuwirirana mupfungwa dzeimwe nyanzvi yemasvomhu yakakurumbira. Panyaya iyi nharaunda yepasi rose yemasvomhu yakabvuma kupa kukuru uye mupiro we'Kara', sezvavanomutumidza kana zvasvika pakutsvagisa masvomhu epamusoro. Chokwadi Karatheodoris akatanga zvidzidzo zvake aine makore makumi maviri nemanomwe uye kusvika pamazuva ekupedzisira ehupenyu hwake akaramba achinyora vatsoropodzi nezvidzidzo zvesainzi. Chokwadi kushandirapamwe kwaKaratheodoris uye kutaurirana naEinstein kwedzidziso yehukama kwakatsikiswa mumabhii avakatsinhanisa, ayo zvino anoratidzwa mumuseum Karatheodoris muKomotini, Greece.

Makopi etsamba pakati paEinstein naCarathéodory kubva munhambo ya1916 kusvikira kuna 1930 akapiwa kuvakuru vakuru vechiGiriki vomumiriri weIsrael kuAthens makore mashomanene apfuura uye anosimbisa pesvedzero yaCarathéodory pakufunga kwaEinstein nedzidziso dzokumukira. Asi pamashoko okupedzisira pamusoro pemano esvomhu aEinstein, haana kurangarira kuti kuita chetani kwaigona kuitika pasi pano kutozosvikira mumwe Leó Szilárd (uyo akanga ari mudzidzi waEinstein) abvumikisa kuna Einstein kuti zvaigona kuitika kupfurikidza nemasvomhu uye kuedza. Mushure mezvo tsamba ine mukurumbira Einstein- Szilárd kuMutungamiri Roosevelt akatanga Manhattan Project kuvaka 'bhomba' maGerman asati abudirira (chokwadi ruzivo ruchangobva kuwanikwa rwakaratidza kuti maNazi anga asiri kure nekuvaka 'bhomba' uye kana zvainge zvaita, Europe, Russia neSE Asia zvino yaizova pasi pehutongi hweNazi kusanganisira UK kwechiuru chemakore aizouya, sekufanotaura kwaiitwa naHitler).

Naizvozvo kana masvomhu aEinstein aive akanaka kudaro, sei asina kukwanisa kuburitsa humbowo hwemasvomhu hwekuti cheni-rection yaikwanisika uye kuti izvi zvakasiirwa mudzidzi nemumwe wake kuti vaone? Sezvo Carathéodory naArgyris vakadzidza, vakadzidziswa uye vakapedza kudzidza semainjiniya ehurumende pakutanga uye vakachinjirwa kufizikisi neaeronautics zvine ruremekedzo muhupenyu hwapashure, zvinofanirwa kubvunzwa kuti pane kubatana kwakakosha here mukudzidziswa kwekutanga sainjiniya kutanga kunopa nzvimbo yakaorera masvomhu, fizikisi nenyanzvi dzeinjiniya kuti dzibude?

Nokufamba kwenguva, Argyris sasekuru vake Carathéodory akagara nhaka tarenda remitauro uye apo mitauro yokutanga yeCarathéodory yakanga iri chiGiriki nechiFrench asi apo iye akagonawo chiGerman nokukwana kwakadaro, zvokuti manyoro ake akaumbwa mumutauro wechiGermany akava unyanzvi hwokugadzira. Carathéodory akataurawo nokunyora Chirungu, chiItalian, chiTurkish, uye mitauro yekare pasina nhamburiko ipi neipi. Kupfuura izvozvo, Carathéodory akanga ari mutauriri anokosheswa mukurukurirano yevamwe vake mapurofesa muMunich Department of Philosophy. Purofesa airemekedzwa zvikuru wemitauro yekare Kurt von Fritz akarumbidza Carathéodory, achitaura kuti kubva kwaari munhu aigona kudzidza chitsama chisingagumi pamusoro peGirisi yekare neyotsva, mutauro wechiGiriki chekare, uye masvomhu echiGiriki. Muzivi wacho akataura kuti akanga ane nhamba isingaverengeki yekurukurirano naCarathéodory. Akataura kuti mumwoyo make, Carathéodory ainzwa ari pamusoro pechinhu chipi nechipi che‘chiGiriki’ uye umo mutauro wechiGiriki waingotaurwa muimba yeCarathéodory chete.

Argyris, sababamukuru vake kana zvasvika pakugona mitauro, aive akangofanana nababamunini vake mune izvi uye padhesiki rake hombe muhofisi yavo mukati meYunivhesiti yeStuttgart aive nemafoni akati wandei. Mumwe airira uye aitaura muchiGerman, uye mumwe uye aitaura muchiRussian, ipapo mumwe uye aitaura nechiJapani uye kwaainyatsogona mitauro misere yenyika yose. Iyo Argyris-Carathéodory Link Sezvatotsanangurwa muchidimbu, Carathéodory aive mukoma waamai vaArgyris uye nekudaro babamunini vake. Tichifunga kuti amai vaArgyris vakaitwa zvakaenzana nezvinhu zvakafanana neCarathéodory, masikirwo emavara okugara nhaka aArgyris mufungidziro akanga ari hafu yokuumbwa kweCarathéodory zvakare. Asi kana izvi zviri izvo zvinoshamisa kuti nyanzvi sezviri pachena hadzioni kugona kwehunyanzvi mune mumwe nemumwe. Panyaya iyi John Argyris paakanga achiri mudiki babamunini vake vakamuudza kuti hapana chaizombobva paari (mamiriro akafanana chaizvo akataurwa nezvaNewton nevaairarama navo kuCambridge paakarasikirwa ne 'groats' mushure mekupihwa BA yakaderera kwazvo iyo yunivhesiti yaigona kupa mubairo. uye kwaakarasikirwa nedhipoziti yake yebvunzo - ndeavo vakapihwa dhigirii repasi ndivo chete vakatorerwa mari dzavo dzebvunzo uye hadzina kudzoserwa neCambridge uye uko uzivi uhwu hwakaonekwa sechinokurudzira kuti vadzidzi vadzidze nesimba kuti vasazorasikirwa nemari uye kunyara chaiko kwakaenda nekupihwa mubairo pedyo nekukundikana).

Asi kunofanira kubvunzwa, uku kwaiva kurudziro yaCarathéodory here achikarira kuti vaArgyris vaduku vaizochinja kana kuti kwaiva kuzvitutumadza chaiko kweCarathéodory? Mumwe haazomboziva, asi zvirokwazvo Argyris akachinja nyika yeinjiniya zvachose muhupenyu hwake hwapashure.

Mugore ra2000 Muzvinafundo Dan Givoli, Lawrence naMarie Feldman Chair muUinjiniya, Dhipatimendi reAerospace Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology yakataura kuti inowanzonzi FEM ndiyo inonyanya kukosha mukugadzira engineering. Kubva mugore ra2000, FEM yave ichibvumwa nevakawanda veinjiniya vanotungamira pasirese sechigadzirwa chikurusa muhunyanzvi hwekugadzira huinjiniya hwemasvomhu sezvo ichigadzirisa zvaimbova matambudziko asingagadzirike.

Rondedzero yaGivoli mukutevedzana kwekutanga-kukudzwa kwaive seizvi: 1. Iyo Finite Element Method (kusanganisira iyo Boundary Element Method); 2. Iterative Linear Algebraic Solvers, inosanganisira Krylov Spaces, Conjugate Gradient Methods, uye GMRES; 3. Algebraic Eigenvalue Solvers, kusanganisira nzira dzeLanczos neQR; 4. Matrix Decomposition Methods, kusanganisira spectral uye polar decomposition; 5. Finite Difference Methods for Wave Problems, kusanganisira nzira dzeNewmark, Lax-Wendroff, Hilbert-Hughes-Taylor, maitiro ekudengenyeka kweGodunov, kusimudza uye kuparadzanisa-kuparadzanisa; 6. Nonlinear Algebraic Solvers, kusanganisira nzira dzeQuasi Newton dzakadai seBFGS, uye arclength kana kuenderera mberi nzira; 7. The Fast Fourier Shanduko; 8. Nonlinear Programming, kunyanya, Quadratic Programming 9. Soft Computing Methods, dzakadai seneural network, genetic algorithms, uye fuzzy logic. 10. Multiscale nzira, kusanganisira multigrid nzira uye wavelets.

Argyris: - Iyo WW2 nguva yekutanga

Argyris, nguva pfupi Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri isati yatanga, akanga achishanda muGermany sainjiniya weinjiniya huru yeinjiniya inoshandira maNazi. Chokwadi maNazi anga achigadzira muchina wavo wechiuto kupinda mune masimba pasi rose mumakore ekuma1930 mushure mekutonga sezvakange zvaita Hitler kwenguva yakareba achigadzira hurongwa hwezvaaida kuita kana akazova Chancellor weGermany. Panguva iyoyo Argyris akanga achishanda pamhando dzose dzezvinhu izvo kare zvakanga zvisingagadzirisiki uye apo imwe yakanga iri kutsunga uye kugadzirwa kwechimiro chedanda repamusoro rine mutoro unorema zvikuru pamusoro. Aya nemamwe aive mapurojekiti ehurumende yeGermany uye kwaakave mainjiniya ane hunyanzvi akange atoziva kare izvo zvaiitwa nehurumende yeNazi. Izvo zvaive kuburikidza nemapurojekiti echiuto uye nhaurirano nevainjiniya vemauto eNazi panguva yehukama hwekushanda panzvimbo uye kuburikidza nekutaurirana. VaArgyris kunyange zvazvo vaisema maNazi sevanhu vakawanda muGermany uye vaigona kuona mumazuva ekutanga echiNazi kuti mabasa ouinjiniya aya ndiwo aiva mavambo ekutora Europe uye zvichida nyika kupinda mune imwe hondo yenyika. Naizvozvo akafunga kuyedza kuita chimwe chinhu nezve mamiriro uye kubatsira vamwe kupona. Mukufamba uye zvakare zvisingazivikanwi nezveArgyris, apo shamwari dzechiJudha dzaaiziva dzakanga dzichityisidzirwa nevaNazi kuti dziendeswe kumisasa yechibharo akaisa upenyu hwake mungozi nokuwana vana vaduku vechiJudha vanosvika makumi mana navanaamai navanababa vavo kupfurikidza nokuvandika kwerima renyika. husiku kuenda kuSweden nechikepe (uye kwavakazotizira kuLondon sezvo Sweden yakanga isiri panguva iyoyo yakagarwa nevaNazi).

Pano Argyris akaisa upenyu hwake mungozi uye kudai vaNazi vakanga vawana basa rinoponesa upenyu iri, angadai akapfurwa zvechokwadi. Naizvozvo achiri mudiki ari pakati pemakore makumi maviri aive murume aive nehanya nevanhu uye akaisa hupenyu hwake panjodzi kuti aponese vamwe. Vangani vemabhanga vandingabvunza vangadai vakaita izvozvo uye kuisa hupenyu hwavo pamutsara, asi pazvinofanira kutaurwa kuti kusati kwaoma kwemari vezvematongerwo enyika vedu vaibata vanhu ava sevanamwari nenzira dzakawanda. Zvechokwadi zvinoratidzika kunyange nhasi kuti mamiriro ezvinhu haana kuchinja mumaziso ehurumende iripo sezvo vasingaoni chakaipa chikuru chichiri mu 'guta' uye vakatoedza kuvhara zvirango izvo EU inofanira kuisa kuEurope masangano ezvemari. Nemhaka yezivo yaArgyris yezvaiitika mukati meGermany yeNazi uye zvikonzero zveaya mapurojekiti makuru ouinjiniya, akaedza pakuvamba pasina maturo kuonana nehurumende yeBritain kuti ape aya mashoko anokosha aaiva nawo. Hapana mhinduro kubva kumasimba ari muEngland kana kuburikidza neBritish Embassy muBerlin dzaiuya. Asi Argyris haana kukanda mapfumo pasi uye akapfuurira uye apo pakupedzisira maBritish akatanga kuteerera nemhaka yokuti Argyris akanyevera nezvokuvhozhokera kwavaNazi kunyika yokumusha kwake Greece.

Panyaya iyi, aifanira kuenda kuGreece kuti anoita izvi sezvo Embassy yeBritain muBerlin yaisamubvumira kupinda saka chinhu chega chaaigona kuita kwaiva kushanyira British Embassy muAthens kuti aendese ruzivo rwake. Asi sezvo vhiza rake rakanga riri remavhiki mashomanene bedzi uye nemhaka yokuti amai vake nomudzimai wake wokutanga vakanga vachiri kuGermany, aifanira kudzoka nokukurumidza. Argyris paakasvika muAthens akabvumirwa musangano nemumiriri weBritish kuburikidza nekubatana kwake kweGreece uye uyo akabva atumira meseji yakanyorwa kuLondon pamusoro pezvaitarisirwa nemaNazi. Pashure paikoko akadzokera kuBerlin asi uko kwakanga kusingazivikanwi naArgyris vaNazi vakanga vakamumirira panhandare yendege sezvo mumwe munhu akanga avazivisa nezvaakanga achiita (zvamazvirokwazvo vaNazi vakanga vavhozhokera furati yake uye vakanga vaongorora nzvimbo yake yebasa uko vakawana ufakazi hunoshora hwaipesana. hurumende yeNazi). Argyris akakurumidza kuendeswa kunzvimbo inochengeterwa (musasa wevasungwa muduku) muGermany nokuda kwokuendeswa kumisasa yorufu. Ikoko mabhomba eRAF akaparadza chikamu chefenzi yekuchengetedzwa uye iye nevamwe vakatiza nemusango. Chii chaigona kuita Argyris kuti aponese hupenyu hwake sekunge abatwa zvino, aizourayiwa neNazi. Akafunga kwenguva yakareba uye zvakaoma uye apo mhuri yake kuburikidza neropa ravo rechiGiriki yaiziva mumwe Admiral Wilhelm (Franz) Canaris, mumwe muGiriki, akanga ashanda pamusoro pemanera ehondo kubva kuHondo Yenyika Yokutanga kuti ave mukuru webasa rehungwaru reGermany, Abwehr. Canaris aive mumwe wevakuru vepamusoro-soro muchiuto cheNazi asi pachivande aivenga maNazi zvakare uye achitenda kuti aigona kuita zvimwe zvakanaka nekunyarara pamusoro peizvi uye kushanda mukati mehutongi hunosemesa hwaibata Europe chibharo nekuuraya mamirioni maitiro, pane kutaura pachena (Canaris akazozivikanwa uye akasungirirwa nokuda kwekupandukira kukuru pane zvakarairwa naHitler mwedzi mishoma WW2 isati yapera).

Chokwadi, Canaris akatumira mutungamiriri wepamusoro kwese kwese mushure me1943 apo hondo yakarasika yevaNazi uye apo mauto eGerman paakasvika ikoko, pakanga pasina mauto akabatana kuti arwe. Uku kutsauka kwemazana ezviuru zvemauto eGerman pamwe kwakaponesa makumi ezviuru zvehupenyu hwakabatana. Canaris aivewo mumwe wevakuru vemauto vepamusoro vaive nechekuita nekupondwa kwaHitler uye nekuda kweiyo yakaturikwa newaya yepiyano, kufa kunononoka uye kunorwadza. Vamwe vanoti Canaris aive mumiriri wezvaaive aita panguva yeWW2 uye kwaakasangana neBritish intelligence muPortugal pane dzimwe nguva. Kuwedzera kune izvi ruoko rwake rwerudyi rwakakudzwa mushure mehondo neIsrael nekuda kwekuponesa vanhu vazhinji vechiJudha kubva mumakamuri egasi. Naizvozvo kune zvakawanda zvinongedzo kune mukana wekuti Canaris aive musori weAllies kana kuti zvishoma, akatsigira pachivande maAllies kwete hudzvanyiriri hwaHitler hweNazi. Naizvozvo Argyris akaita nzira yake usiku (achirara masikati nokuda kwezvikonzero zviri pachena) kuBerlin neCanaris. Pakupedzisira akasangana naAdmiral Canaris mukuru wehungwaru hwemauto eGerman uye uko Canaris aive nemapepa emahara akagadzirirwa Argyris uye akasainwa ega (aine izvi mumaoko ake, hapana aiona siginecha yaCanaris aizoda kupikisa Argyris). Asi kuita chokwadi chekuti Canaris akabatanidza ruoko rwake rwerudyi mumwe Kaputeni Dohnanyi kuti afambe naye kuburikidza neGermany kuenda kumuganhu weSwitzerland uye rusununguko rwekupedzisira.

Nechengeteko yaCanaris, Argyris naDohnanyi (uyo munguva pfupi yapfuura akapiwa rukudzo rukurusa rweIsraeri nokuda kwokuponesa vaJudha vazhinji mukati memakore oKuparadza kukuru), muganhu weSwitzerland wakasvikwa asi apo mhinganidzo bedzi yakanga yasara nokuda kworusununguko rwake rwakanga rwuri Rwizi Rhine urwo Argyris. aitofanira kushambira ndokuita saizvozvo, kunyange zvazvo yakanga iri nguva yechando panguva iyoyo uye mvura yechando yaiuraya. Panyaya iyi vanhu vaigona kungogara kweasingapfuure maminetsi gumi nekuda kwekuvharika kwemuviri kuburikidza nekutonhora kwakanyanya. Pane imwe nguva muSwitzerland Argyris akatorwa nevarindi vemuganhu weSwitzerland asi nekuda kwekuti aive neruzivo rwakati paari (kunyangwe akazara soddened) kusanganisira kupasa kwaCanaris, kwemavhiki matatu vakabvumira Argyris kugara. Uku kwakanga kuri pakuvamba muna 10 uye apo iye akanga ari munyongano kwechinguvana munyika isina kwayakarerekera umo akanga asingazivi munhu upi noupi, asi uko akakwanisa kukurukura nemhuri yake navamwe kuti vazive kuti akanga akachengeteka. Ivowo vakatumira Argyris mari yaikwana kuti akwanise kurarama uye kunyoresa paTechnical University yeZurich kwaakapedza makore maviri edhigirii repamusoro reDoctor of Science degree reinjiniya mumwedzi mitanhatu chete uye akapihwa mubairo mukuru weyunivhesiti. Kungwara kwake kweinjiniya kana kusati kwambozivikanwa kune vakawanda kwakaratidzwa zvakajeka nechiitiko chimwe chete chekugona kwenjere; asi uko kusingazikanwi nenyika yose kwakanga kune zvakawanda, zvakawanda zvikuru zvaizobva kuArgyris mumakore aizouya. Nguva pfupi pashure peizvi, kuedza kuviri kwakaitwa nevaNazi kumutapa kudzokera kuGermany achibva kuSwitzerland. Muna ikoku vaNazi kupfurikidza navamiriri vavo muSwitzerland vakanga vawana kuti Argyris akanga ari muArgyris mumwe cheteyo akanga apukunyuka kwavari inenge mwedzi mipfumbamwe pamberi pezvi uye uko vasori vavo vakanga vatopinda muyunivhesiti imene. Switzerland hongu ndipo apo Einstein akange asina kukwanisa kuchengetedza hupenyu mukutsvagisa kuyunivhesiti nekudzidzisa mushure mekupedza kudzidza akawana basa muBern semumiriri wepasi patent kuti atsigire mhuri yake yechidiki uye iye.

Sezvo aonekwa nevaNazi akaenda kuBritish Embassy kunokumbira rubatsiro rwavo. John Argyris akavaudza mabetserero aakanga aita vaBritish namamwe mashoko anokosha Greece isati yapindirwa nomumiriri wavo weGreece muAthens. Embassy yakabata Sir Michael Palairet (uyo akanga ari Ambassador kuGreece panguva iyo Argyris akanga apa ruzivo) kuti vaone zvinhu uye apo pakarepo vakuru vehurumende yeBritish vakaudzwa kuburikidza neshoko rekodhi kuti vagadzire mapepa enhema eArgyris uye kuronga. nokuda kwekufamba kwake kwakachengeteka kuenda kuEngland kuburikidza neSpain ndokuzoenda kuPortugal (nyika isina kwayakarerekera uye uko kana yakawanikwa muFranco's fascist Spain kwenguva yakareba, Argyris angadai akadzingwa kudzokera kuNazi Germany (sezvo Franco aisada chero dambudziko nemaNazi. uye naizvozvo Portugal yakanga iri nyika iyo Argyris yaizova yakachengeteka).

Kubhururuka nendege kubva kuLisbon kuenda kuEngland kwakapa Argyris mufarwa mukurusa sezvo aiziva kuti chishuvo chake chokubetsera Britain mukumisa vaNazi chakanga chasvika pakupedzisira. Mazwi epamusoro aya anogona kuratidzika asi paive nemafungiro ake kubva achiri mudiki.

Argyris: Kuedza kweHondo Yenyika Yechipiri muEngland

Apo Argyris akasvika kuBritain panhandare yendege yehondo muEngland, akabvunzurudzwa kwamazuva matatu nousiku hutatu asingadembi navakuru vakuru vaviri veUsori vehondo yeBritain avo vaisagona kudavira nhau yake yokuti akanga atiza sei muGermany nehurumende yeNazi. Zvechokwadi pakutanga vaitenda kuti akanga ari musori weGermany sezvavaigara vachimubvunza, 'wakaita sei maGermany kwenguva yakareba kudai?'. Ndiani aizovapomera kuti yaive nyaya yaishamisa. Asi pakupedzisira kuna Argyris mushure menguva iyi yaienderera mberi nekubvunzurudzwa, British Intelligence yakagutsikana kuti John Argyris aive wechokwadi uye akazobatanidzwa kuburikidza na Lord Beaverbrook's Ministry of Aircraft Production kuRoyal Aeronautical Society (RAeS) avo vaive nebasa rekupa mirairo yekugadzira kuBritish. Indasitiri yeAviation pamagadzirirwo ekugadzira anomhanyisa kurwa, pakati pemamwe magadzirirwo endege.

Argyris akagadzwa pakutanga somukuru wezvokugadzira zvinhu akaderera, asi nokuda kwokushamiswa kweRAeS nebasa rake rokugadzira ouinjiniya iro rakanga risina munhu paSosaiti panguva iyoyo aigona kutevera asi pakupedzisira akabvumikiswa kuva akarurama, pashure pemwedzi mishomanene chete akakwidziridzwa pabasa. kumukuru wezvenyanzvi. Chokwadi, zvakabvumiranwa uye zvakabvumwa panguva iyo John Argyris aive makore pamberi pevamwe mainjiniya eRAeS. Ruzivo rwake uye kufunga kwake kwaive, kuisa zvinyoro shanduko mune zveinjiniya. Asi apo izvi zvaizoratidza kuti ndizvo zvazviri uye kwaive kufunga kwechimurenga kumashure kwaizopedzisira kwatungamira mukusikwa kuzere kwemazuva ano 'Finite Element Method' (FEM) iyo yakatanga kunambwa uye kufungidzirwa muBritain pakati pa1943 na1945. John Argyris paakatanga basa rake kuRAeS mukutanga kwa1943, 'Data-Sheets' yekugadzirwa kwevose vevanhu, mabhomba emauto uye ndege dzehondo dzakapihwa indasitiri yekugadzira ndege neRAeS. Zvakadaro pakuferefeta Argyris akawana kuti nzira dzekugadzira nedzinoshandiswa neBritain dzaive dzisina kunaka uye apo mune dzimwe nyaya dzendege mamwe emagadzirirwo eBritish aya aive aine makumi masere kubva muzana ekukanganisa kwemaitiro mukati mawo; pfungwa iyo vamwe vakati mushure meWW2 ingadai yakachengetedza zvisina kunanga makumi ezviuru zveAllied hupenyu mune ramangwana uye kunyanya paD-Day kuburikidza nendege dzakachengeteka dzeAllied.

Naizvozvo Argyris uyo panguva iyoyo akanga aitwa mukuru wezvenyanzvi paRAeS, akatanga kushandura zvose izvi uye asina kuroora akaunza nemaoko ese madhizaini edhizaini kusvika kumazinga akakwirira anodiwa muhondo. Panyaya iyi ndege dzemauto dzeBritish dzakagadziridzwa uye dzese nyowani dzakavakwa kune Argyris's nyowani dhizaini data sheet. Asi zvese zvakange zvisina kunaka kufamba nechikepe kuArgyris uye matambudziko makuru aive mberi sezvo kuumbwa kwendege (hurumende neWhitehall) zvakange zvisina kunaka kuti zvishanduke kumagadzirirwo matsva echimurenga eArgyris (asi kwaaive ari magadzirirwo akachengeteka). Kunyarara kwavo kwakagoneka nekuda kwekufumurwa kune vanhu vekuBritish kuti vaseke kana chokwadi ichi chikabuda (Kuvambwa mune izvi nguva dzose kunoedza uye kuita kuti vanhu vafunge kuti vanoziva zvakanyanya uye kwavasingambozvikanganisa - zvirokwazvo dai vanhu vaiziva izvozvo. Masoja eAllied et al vakanga vachitakurwa mundege dzemauto dzisina kuchengetedzeka, ndege dzisinganzwisisike dzakashaikwa dzingadai dzakatsanangurwa uye paizove negehena kubva mukudzokera shure kwevanhu veBritish), vaine custard pachiso chavo, kunyara uye kutya kukuru kuti Hurumende yeBritain yanga ichitumira ndege dzaive dzisina kuchengetedzeka kune mauto avo. Chokwadi, pakutanga vakati izvo zvaibvunzwa kwavari muWhitehall zvakanga 'zvisingabviri' uye zvaisagona kuva zvakarurama. Asi apo kupfurikidza nokutsungirira uye kupindira kweindasitiri yokugadzira ndege dzeBritain imene namainjiniya avo akatsigira nzvero yaArgyris, Sangano raifanira kubvuma kuti Argyris akanga akarurama.

Zvirokwazvo kubudikidza nekutsungirira, kushingirira uye kushinga chaiko akachengeta zvitendero zvake zveinjiniya izvo zvakazovimbisa kuti Britain yaizove nemutowo mutsva weArgyris, ndege dzakabatana dzakachengeteka idzo dzinogona kuponesa zvakananga makumi ezviuru kana asiri mazana ezviuru ehupenyu hwakabatana. Nekuda kwechiitiko chimwe chete ichi hurumende yeBritain yaifanira kunge yakapa Argyris hunyanzvi, asi sezvo akange asiri murume 'wekugadzwa', hazvina kuzoitika. Chokwadi, kunyangwe akange atakura mwenje mukati mechikamu chekupedzisira chemakore ehondo muindasitiri yezvekubhururuka kwekuchinja shanduko. Nekuti dai Argyris asina kuita izvi, Britain ingadai yakange iri panjodzi mumhepo, kunyanya neD-Day irikuuya. Mune izvi zvinofanirwa kubvunzwa, vangani mauto akabatana angadai akaurayiwa kuburikidza nezvikanganiso zvemubatanidzwa uye kwete mabhomba eNazi nemabara? Nekuti isu tave kuziva kuburikidza nevanyori venhoroondo dzemauto kuti budiriro yeD-Day yaive pamucheto webanga uye yakanyatso dzikama kuenda chero nzira uye uko kurwisa kukuru uye simba remuchina wemauto eNazi rakazounzwa kutenderera Carne. Panyaya iyi dai pasina kukwana maparatroopers akabatana akapona kuseri kwemitsara yevavengi kudzivirira kusimbiswa kweNazi nekukurumidza mushure meD-Day, mhedzisiro yehondo yeD-Day inogona kunge yakasiyana zvachose.

Ndicho chimwe chikonzero nei basa raArgyris rainyanya kukosha uye nei 'Kugadzwa' kwaifanira kunge kwakamudzidzisa mushure mekupera kweWW2. Asi, izvi zvaisafanira kuva zvemurume akaponesa zvisina kunanga makumi ezviuru ehupenyu sehudiki diki. Nekufamba kwenguva, vanhu vakakurumbira mukati mesainzi nehuinjiniya vakabvuma hukuru hwaArgyris mukugadzirwa kweinjiniya yeaeronautical uye musayendisiti ane tarenda akange ari mukuru mukuru paNational Physical Laboratory (NPL) muTeddington uye sachigaro weAeronautical Research Council, a. vamwe VaHarold Leslie Cox. Pashure pehondo vamwe vakanga vaona uye vaigona kuona ukuru hwaJohn Argyris huchibuda. Sir Arnold Hall aive purofesa mukuru wezvimiro zvemuchadenga paImperial College, University of London akamukumbira kuti ave mudzidzisi mukuru uyezve muverengi mukati memwedzi mishoma yekugadzwa kwake kwekutanga.

Sir Arnold akanga aona pakutanga nokushamiswa zvinhu zvechimurenga zvakanga zvaitwa naArgyris paaishanda muindasitiri yezvokubhururuka nendege munguva yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. Chokwadi kuImperial College akakudziridza zvizere kufunga kwake kwekutanga pa'Finite Element Method', iyo yakanyanya kukwirisa masvomhu enjiniya yekugadzira chishandiso munyika nhasi. Nekuda kweizvi munhu anofanira kutaura panguva ino uye sezvichataura ramangwana, sezvakaita Newton naLeibniz nekugadzirwa kwe'Calculus', Argyris's FEM inozopedzisira yave engineering yakaenzana neCalculus uye uko mainjiniya akawanda akagadzira. kutaura uku. Argyris aive nevakawanda vekutanga mukati meindasitiri yezvemuchadenga uye chimwe chazvo chaive chekuti aive injiniya wekutanga kugadzira zvakachengetedzeka mapapiro akatsvairwa-kumashure ejeti dzekurwira izvo zvakabvumira kukurumidza-mach kumhanya kunokwanisika uye zvakare achishandira hurumende yeBritish.

Zvakadaro Argyris haana kuwana knighthood kubva ku'Kutangwa' kunyangwe akange aita kuti dziviriro dzeUK dzive dzakasimba zvakanyanya kuburikidza nekuve nendege dzehondo dzepamusoro uye dzinokurumidza. Argyris akaitwa nhengo yeAeronautics sub-committee yeAeronautical Research Council uye akasimudzira nzira dzavo dzekuverenga uye magadzirirwo. Kumwe kushandiswa kweFEM yaJohn Argyris kwaive kuona kuti yekutanga yekutengesa ndege yejeti, 'Comet', yakanga isina kuchengetedzeka. Akafanotaura kuti ndege yacho yaizoputsika muchimiro chayo chazvino. Kutangwa kwenguva muchimiro cheMinistry of Aircraft Production (Ministry of Supply) vakashatirwa ndokuti vaArgyris vachiedza kuparadza indasitiri yendege yeBritain. Chokwadi vaiti 'anopenga'.

Asi vachitsigira Argyris, Sir Arnold Hall vakaudza Bazi reHurumende kuti ringwarire zvikuru sezvo Argyris aiziva zvaaitaura nezvazvo. Chokwadi, mushure mekupatsanurwa kwechipiri kwendege yeComet yakanga yarongwa, chimwe chikwata cheAmerica chakasvika kuArgyris nechinangwa chekuti aizova chapupu chavo chenyanzvi uye chipangamazano munyaya yekirasi muU.SA uye nyaya yemuripo wedare repamusoro muUK kuburikidza nematare edzimhosva. vatengi vavo (hama dzevakafa). Magweta evachuchisi nehama vakati vaizorwisa zviri pamutemo indasitiri yendege yeBritish. Argyris akaramba, kunyangwe akapihwa mamirioni mashanu eGerman Deutsche Marks nesangano. Panguva iyoyo mhanza huru, asi kwaaisagona kuita izvi kuBritain nokuti Britain yakanga yaponesa upenyu hwake mumakore ehondo. Naizvozvo murume anoshandira nyika yakagamuchirwa uye uko izvi zvaive zvakakosha kupfuura mubairo wemari. Asi vamwe vanhu nhasi vangadai vakaita chinhu chakafanana here semabhanga edu ane mbiri aunza Madokero kumabvi ayo ehupfumi munzira dzakawanda uye vakakwidziridzwa uye kupihwa mibairo senge vari kubuda mufashoni? Hongu naizvozvo tinoti tichiziva John kuti Argyris akanga ari mutsigiri wechokwadi wenyika yake yeBritain, uye izvo zvaikosha kupfuura chimwe chinhu chipi nechipi. Asi zvakadaro iyo Establishment yaisamupa knighthood kana chero mubairo wenyika chero. Asi zvakawedzerwa kuna ava vanhu munhau vakataura nguva nenguva kuti zivo inoponesa upenyu uye uko ikoku kuri kwechokwadi chose chose muchinoitika cheArgyris. Pakaziviswa 'Comet' kekutanga Argyris nemukadzi wake wechipiri Ingalisa vaipfuura nemuRome airport vachienda kuUK uye kwavaibva kuGreece mushure mezororo. Mukuru mukuru wendege akaona Argyris (uyo panguva iyoyo akanga ari injiniya wendege ane mukurumbira munyika yose akanga abuda mumagazini endege munyika yose).

Uyu mukuru weairport nekuda kwemukurumbira wakapihwa indasitiri yendege akapa zvigaro zveArgyris pa'Comet' ichibhururuka ichienda kuLondon. Mumwe anofanirwa kuyeuka kuti 'Comet' yaive yakaenzana ne'Concord' ipapo uye munhu wese aida kubhururuka pa'Comet', kunyanya akanaka uye makuru. Akaramba uye akaita chiitiko munhandare yendege yeRome nekuti aiziva kukanganisa kukuru kuri mukati medhizaini ye'Comet. Sezvo Argyris nemukadzi wake vakabhururuka vachidzokera mundege yenguva refu yeturbo-prop propeller yenguva iyoyo, uye pavakanga vachifamba pamusoro peBay of Biscay, vakatarisa pasi ndokuona 'Comet' iyo yakapihwa zvigaro zveVIP mukati. gungwa. Vese vafambi nevashandi vakaparara. Iroro isimba rezivo uye nenzira inoshamisa kuti rinoponesa sei upenyu chaizvoizvo. Sezvo basa guru raArgyris rakafambira mberi mukuita kuti FEM isvike kumwero unoshamisa wokufambira mberi kwounyanzvi, masangano namadhipatimendi ehurumende kupota nyika aizotsvaka vaArgyris kuti vagadzirise zvairatidzika kwavari kuva zvinetso zvakaoma zvakaoma. Zvitatu zvezviitiko izvi zvine chekuita neNASA. Yekutanga yaive njodzi dzaivepo nemagadzirirwo eApollo Rockets ane simba.

Iri rakanga riri basa guru iro budiriro dzaArgyris dzakashumwa munhau dzeAmerica. Chechipiri kwaive kutsunga uye kugadzirisa tekinoroji yekudzikamisa tekinoroji ye1969 moduli yemwedzi yaive yekutanga kumhara kwemwedzi (Armstrong, Aldrin naCollins) uye uko sekunge nemapurojekiti ese eNASA akashandiswa naArgyris, aifanira kunge ari kuitira kuti iyo yese. 'Mission' inogona kuenda uye kudzoka 'Zvakachengeteka'. Zvakare Argyris yakagadzirisa dambudziko iro rakanga richimisa kupinda muchadenga kuchiitika sezvo zvaisazivikanwa panguva iyoyo zvakanga zviri pamusoro pemwedzi nokudzika kwawo. Kana izvo zvinhu zvaive zvakadzika uye zvakapfava zvakanyanya module yaisazokwanisa kubva pamwedzi. Naizvozvo tekinoroji nemakanika zvaifanira kuvandudzwa kuitira kuti module iende kune chero nzvimbo. Iroro rakanga riri dambudziko risina aikwanisa kugadzirisa panguva iyoyo asi Argyris ndiye akarigadzirisa uye mamwe acho inhoroondo. Uye chechitatu, dambudziko rekupindazve kweNASA uko chivharo chechadenga chinogona kupisa zviri nyore kana chapinda mumhepo yepasi.

Kutsunga kwekuchengetedzwa kwemhino nhovo uye matipi emapapiro zvaive zvekutarisisa zvakanyanya kuNASA. Argyris akaita ongororo yemasvomhu uye dhizaini yezvinhu zviviri izvi zvakakosha mukati mekugadzirwa kweSpace Shuttle apo maverengero etembiricha yepamusoro aifanira kutariswa uye kuti zvaizoita sei pakuchengetedzeka kwengarava paichapindazve. NASA yakafadzwa zvikuru sezvingave zvakaita uye kubvira kare yakashandisa Finite Element Method sechishandiso chavo chikuru chekugadzira engineering kuona matambudziko avo akaomarara. Kuwedzera kune izvi pakati pezvimwe zvakawanda zvinoshamisa pasi rose-inotungamira engineering feats ibasa paEuropean CERN naArgyris. Chokwadi, maererano nebasa reNASA, kunyangwe dzimwe hurumende dzekumadokero dzakakumbira Argyris kopi yekuongorora kwake kwakadzama uye magadzirirwo, mamwe emarudzi akatadza kuita bhajeti yekubhururuka nendege kumwedzi. Kunze kwehurumende, makambani makuru pasi rose akadai saDaimler Benz, Boeing, Ford, GE nevamwe vane chimiro chakafanana vangakumbira Argyris rubatsiro rwake rwekugadzira.

Ikoku zvakare kazhinji kazhinji kwaibatanidza chigadzikiso chezvinetso zvakaoma zvinoratidzika kuva zvisingagadzirisiki izvo vakanga vakundikana kuzvipedza vamene. Zvamazvirokwazvo Argyris aifarira zvinetso zvisina mumwe munhu zvake aigona kugadzirisa, asi apo nguva nenguva, akazviita. Asi zvinofanirwa kutaurwa kuti paive nevaipikisa vakaita seBritish 'Establishment' yenguva iyi muchimiro chevanhu vakaita saSir Alfred Pugsley vaive Director weAircraft Structures kuFarnborough uye vaipesana nebasa reArgyris. Akamudzivisa panguva dzose uye akati pfungwa dzake dzechimurenga dzakanga dzisina maturo, dzaisazomboshanda uye hazvigoni kuitwa. Asi mushure mekuparara kwe 'Comet', Sir Alfred vakatofanira kubvuma (kunyangwe vasingade) kuti zvaitaurwa naArgyris uye zvaaiita zvaive 100%. Izvi zvakasimbisa mamiriro ezvinhu tichifungidzira nechibvumirano chemamwe manhamba epamusoro eKutangwa kuti FEM yaive yepasi rose inoshandura shanduko yekugadzira engineering chishandiso. Asi uko zvakare Sir Alfred akaita imwe tsinhiro huru kuna Argyris: “Yeuka kuti uri pano kuzoteerera mirairo yedu uye kwete kuzvifunga iwe umene”! Iyo bureaucratic Kusimwa pazvakanakisa uye uko isu vanhuwo zvavo isu tinofanirwa kungoshanda.

Zvinhu zvanyatsochinja here kunyangwe nemafungiro aya ekuti 'elitist' anofanirwa kubvunzwa uye chimwe chezvikonzero zvakakosha nei UK iri muhurombo hwehupfumi uye hwemari hwazvinozviwana nhasi? Panyaya iyi sekureva kwePwC chief economist muna 2009 pane zvirinani fungidziro yemari, chikwereti cheUK chese (zvese pa-ne-off balance sheet) ichava £ 10 trillion.

Argyris akaenderera mberi nekuvandudza kugona kweFEM kusvika pamwero unoshamisa uye unoshamisa (uye kusvika pakufa kwake akaraira mainjiniya edhizaini anotungamira pasi rose mukugona kwemuperekedzi wavo, sezvakaitwa nasekuru vake Carathéodory naEinstein. Musiyano panguva ino kunyangwe zvakadaro. kwakanga kuri kuti Argyris akanga asiri kupa zano munhu mumwe chete akafanana naEinstein mukuru, asi boka rose renyika dzakawanda ravainjiniya vekombiyuta munyika yose.” MuGermany, mukuvamba kwama 1950 Gurukota Redzidzo reGermany rakanga richangobva kugadzwa rakanga ranzwa nezvemabasa aArgyris nokumukira kwake. basa uye kwaakaenda pachake kuBritain sezvo Germany yakanga ichivaka nzira yayo yokudzokera senyika zvakare mushure meWW2 uye kwaakashamiswa zvikuru nezvaakaudzwa paakasangana naArgyris, zvokuti akabva azvipira Germany kuti ivake ouinjiniya anotungamira pasi rose. kambasi yakatenderedza basa reArgyris rinoshamisa.

Akaudza Argyris kuti kana akadzokera kuGermany, zvinhu zvose zvinodiwa nemari zvokutanga sangano rake pachake zvaizowanika. Germany saka yaiziva kukosha kukuru kwemainjiniya kuhurongwa hwekuvaka hupfumi hwenyika uye uko izvo zvakangonyanya kukosha nhasi, kana zvisina kunyanya kudaro, kupfuura mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri [Sezvineiwo mutungamiriri weBritish, vezvematongerwo enyika naWhitehall havana kungonzwisisa izvi. uye nei nenzira dzakawanda vanhu veku UK vasingazombooni mararamiro avo achikwira chaizvo kudzamara vanzwisisa izvo mainjiniya anoitira hupfumi hwenyika uye kwavanozosvitsa simba rehupfumi kurudzi. Asi iwowo mafungiro e'elitist' ari kuoneka kunyangwe nhasi uko vezvematongerwo enyika naWhitehall vasingambotsigire mainjiniya edu uye matekinoroji avanogadzira. Chokwadi mune izvi uye semuenzaniso mumwechete weasingaverengeke kuti Iyo Kusimwa haina kutsigira mainjiniya muUK, kugadzirwa kwehunyanzvi hwekuongorora muviri wekurapa uko musika wepasi rose wezvikena izvi unofungidzirwa nhasi kudarika US$10 bhiriyoni pagore. Yakagadzirwa kwemakore gumi nemanomwe paAberdeen University naProfessor John Mallard uye yakatorwa nenyika zhinji, asi kwete Britain nekuda kwekusagadzikana kwezvematongerwo enyika nekusaziva]. Gurukota reGermany rakaudza Argyris kubva ipapo kuti vagadzire hurongwa hwekuvandudzwa kwesangano rakadaro raaifunga kuti ipfungwa yakanaka iyo yaizotungamirira muganhu mutsva weGermany webudiriro yehupfumi nekufamba kwenguva. Akabvumikiswa chose chose kuva akarurama sezvinogona kupupurira nhau zvino. Britain kazhinji, panguva iyoyo yaisakwanisa kuona hukuru hwaigona kuvepo sezvo vaisanzwisisa zvizere kufunga kweArgyris, sezvo zvaive mberi kwechinhu chero chipi zvacho panguva iyoyo (asi uko kune 'nzvimbo yakadzikama' muWhitehall uye 'the don'. t rock the boat' mentality iyo inokunda zvese semazano makuru ehurumende, akakunda sezvazviri kuita nhasi). Iyi pfungwa yakaonekwa neGerman Federal Minister's intuition yakadzama nhasi sezvazvaive mukutanga 17s uye uko zvino anopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvina chemirioni mawebhusaiti akatsaurirwa kuFEM kana kushandisa nzira dzayo nguva dzose.

Naizvozvo, sezvo Sangano reBritain raisazobetsera Argyris, akanga asina imwe nzira kunze kwokuenda kuGermany akaora mwoyo, nokuti aida zvikuru kugara munyika yake yokurera yaaida, Britain. Asi Germany yaigona kuona paisakwanisa Britain uye nekudaro kumwe kurasikirwa kukuru kune ramangwana reUK kwakasimbiswa zvakare ne 'Kugadzwa' uyo anoramba asina intuition zvachose, kunyangwe nhasi zviitiko zvinogona kunyatso shandura hupfumi hwenyika. Nokuda kweizvi nezvimwe zvinhu zvakanaka zvehupfumi ndicho chikonzero nei Germany yave ine simba uye inotonga hupfumi muEurope nhasi uye Britain yakaramba ichiita simba rehupfumi.

Chikomborero bedzi chakanga chiri chokuti Argyris akapfuurira kwechinguvana sapurofesa weAeronautical Structures paImperial College pashure pokunge aenda kuStuttgart University, Germany. Chokwadi, apo Argyris yaizivikanwa kuti yaienda kuGermany, Hurumende yeBritain yakamisa National Agency for the Finite Element Methods and Standards uye apo nhengo yeWIF Purofesa weAeronautical Structures paImperial College Glyn Davies akaitwa mupi wezano muna 1983, kutanga kwekutanga. zuva resangano nehurumende. Vamwe mu'Kutangwa' naizvozvo vakaziva pashure pokunge bhiza rakanga rasimbisa simba guru rebasa rechimurenga raArgyris asi uko kunzwisisa uku senguva dzose kwakasvika kure zvikurusa kuita chinhu chipi nechipi pamusoro pacho. Imwe nyaya yemhando yepamusoro yakagadzirwa pano, yakashandiswa kwese kwese uye yakazotengwazve neBritain kubva kunyika iyo yakaona kupfuura UK (kuwedzera mari yekubhadhara kuGermany panyaya yeArgyris uye kudzikisira kuUK).

Sheer kupenga semazuva ese semaziviro anoita vanhu vese vakangwara, asi uko etist 'Establishment' inoratidzika kunge isina kufanoona zvachose, kushomeka kwekutonga, idiots inonzwisisika kunzwisisa chero chinhu cheinjiniya, kurasikirwa kwakazara sekunge sainzi inogona kushandura hupfumi. nekufamba kwenguva kana kunyatso shandisa chero pfungwa-pfungwa zvachose. Nzvimbo itsva yeArgyris muStuttgart, iyo hurumende yeGermany yakavakira basa reArgyris yakatanga kubva pasina asi mushure menguva pfupi yakanga yawedzera kusvika pamakumi matatu einjiniya ane hunyanzvi kubva kuEngland, Europe neUSA. Asi kwave neacorn iyi diki ikozvino yave muti wemuouki muhombe wave nzvimbo inotungamira yeinjiniya yemakomputa munyika. Masevhisi ayo nhasi ari kudiwa zvakanyanya kugadzirisa matambudziko akaomarara uye kwaanowanzo kuve asati apinda 'munyika yeArgyris', isingagadziriswe kune vamwe. Zvamazvirokwazvo, maChina akashamiswa kwazvo nebasa raArgyris mumazuva apakuvamba zvokuti vakamuita samamwe marudzi mazhinji, purofesa anokudzwa wamayunivhesiti awo makuru ouinjiniya.

Naizvozvo, nekubudirira kukuru kwesangano idzva rechimurenga, Argyris akatangawo yaizova magazini inotungamira pasi rose muComputational Mechanics. Aive Journal's Editor-in-Chief uye kwainoshandira vanotungamira pasirese intuitive mainjiniya (kune anopfuura makumi mana ezvinyorwa pagore). Makonferensi enhengo yejenari iyi anoitwa pasi rose gore negore uye anosanganisira nyanzvi dzemasvomhu nemainjiniya. Argyris ndiye aiva sachigaro wavo. Kusvika pamudyandigere, John Argyris akatora vadzidzi vese vepachikoro chechiremba pasi pebapiro rake uye ndiye aive mutongi gava wekupedzisira dai vaive vasvika padanho repamusoro repasi rose mucomputational mechanics. Chokwadi nekufamba kwemakore kusvika pakufa kwake muna 2004, Argyris akaremekedzwa nenyika gumi nenhanhatu dzakabudirira dzepasi rose, dzakawanda dzine rukudzo rwadzo rwepamusoro pesainzi nehuinjiniya. Chokwadi, mamwe anga ari mashongedzero akakwirira eHurumende yavo, asi kwete muno muBritain kutozosvikira rukudzo ruduku rwapiwa mugore ra2000.

John Argyris akaitwa CBE muRunyorwa rweZuva reKuzvarwa raMambokadzi reKuzvarwa kweHonours ra2000 asi mubairo uyu webasa rose reArgyris rinoshandura pasi rose nebudiriro waive mudiki pane zvaaikodzera mushure meHondo Yenyika Yechipiri apo nenzira isina kunanga nekuona kusvika 80% yekukanganisa kwemaitiro mune dzimwe. yeAllies mauto ndege, yakachengetedza makumi ezviuru zvevarwi sechishoma mamiriro. Chokwadi, nzira yeArgyris's Finite Element Method ingangove yakaponesa mazana ezviuru zvehupenyu kana zvisiri kupinda mumamiriyoni kuburikidza nezvivakwa zvakachengeteka, madhamu, zvitima, mota, zvivakwa, migwagwa mikuru nendege dzatinofamba zuva rega rega. gore zvichingodaro, zvichingodaro. Naizvozvo izvi kuponesa upenyu husina kunanga kuburikidza nebasa raArgyris kwaifanira kunge kwakapa rukudzo rukurusa rwaigona kupiwa neUK asi apo British 'Establishment' (hurumende neWhitehall) yaigarofuratira zvakaitwa nainjiniya mukuru uyu.

CBE yaifanira kunge iri yekutanga, asi zviri pachena isiri iyo rukudzo rwakakodzerwa naArgyris uye mupiro wake unokosha musainzi yeinjiniya yeBritain nepasirese. Panyaya iyi zvakare FEM yave kushandiswa mune mazhinji emamwe sainzi kusanganisira mushonga uko semuenzaniso, inoshandiswa kutarisa kumanikidza mukati memuviri wemunhu pachawo. Saka zvinoratidzika kuti FEM haizove nemiganhu yesainzi muzana ramakore re21 uye nekupfuura, uye chinhu chimwe ndechechokwadi, ichashandura dzidziso dzekurapa uye nezvimwe zvese sezvayakaitira engineering. Chokwadi, sezvo makomputa achiwedzera kuva nesimba, iyo Finite Element Method ichanyatso kuoneka seyakaenzana neNewton's Calculus uye uko simba risingaperi remakomputa richaramba richitora FEM kusvika pakakwirira pamakumi emakore anotevera. Asati apfuura gore rakanga rapfuura, mutori wenhau wechiGiriki akanyora chinyorwa pamusoro paArgyris chakanzi 'The Greek Einstein'. Chinyorwa ichi chakahwina mubairo wevatapi venhau we'All-Greek', wakapihwa neMutungamiriri weGreece.

Yakanga iri epitaph yakakodzera kune angangoita mainjiniya mukurusa wezana ramakore re20 uye kunze kwekunge chimwe chinhu chauya chinodarika kugona kweArgyris's FEM, angangove ari mainjiniya mukurusa wezana rino ramakore sezvo basa rake reshanduko reinjiniya uye nhaka yake ichiramba ichienderera. John Argyris anovigwa muVarberg Cemetery, Sweden. Pamhemberero yakaitwa muna Kubvumbi 2004, hurumende yeGreece yakamupa rukudzo ruzere nekutumira consul-general uye mubatsiri wemumiriri mukuru kuti atakure bhokisi rake. Mabasa ose echiKristu neeGreek Orthodox akaitwa achitevedzana.

Mhedzisiro yehupfumi kuUK kana hurumende neWhitehall vasinganzwisise hukuru hwekugadzira hupfumi hwemainjiniya.

Panofanira kunge pasina kupokana mupfungwa dzemunhu akangwara kuti nyika haigone kuwedzera hupfumi hwayo 'chaiyo' pasina nhanho yakakosha yeinjiniya iri chikamu cheiyo hupfumi maitiro.

MaChinese vanoziva izvi zvakajeka uye kune vanopfuura 800,000 mainjiniya pagore vanokodzera mune ese einjiniya dzidziso. Parizvino iyo UK ine nhamba yakashata yemainjiniya kana ichienzaniswa nevashandi vese veku UK uye haigone kuchengetedza kana kugadzira ramangwana rine simba revanhu veBritain. Nekuti pasina mainjiniya akakwana nyika icharamba ichidzika uye nekutadza. Nehurombo kunyangwe mushure mekudonha kwehurongwa hwemari kuMadokero vezvematongerwo enyika vedu vakasarudza kudzika munzira yekare yekuparara uye kutsigira mabhanga (avo vanozopedzisira vakundikana zvakare nechikwereti chavo chikuru chisingazodzoserwe - izvo zvinhu. zveupfumi hwedu izvo zvisinganyatsozviitira ivo chete, kunyangwe iwo mabhanga ari mumaoko ehurumende kuburikidza nekubhadhara mutero kunoramba kuripo) pane indasitiri. Britain saka yakarasika nzira munyika nehurongwa hwakabuda muhurumende neWhitehall mukati mechikamu chekupedzisira chezana ramakore. Hongu isu taizotaura zvakare uye kupi sezvazvakanyanya kukosha kuziva kwazvakakanganisika kuUK. Izvi zvinogona kuiswa patsoka dzevana veWhitehall nemakurukota avo vakasarudza kuti nyika inongoda "guta" uye maindasitiri ebasa kuti ararame muzana remakore rechi21 uye kwavanofanira kusungirirwa pasi peTower Bridge nekuda kwekupandukira. Nekuti ivo ndivo vapambi chaivo kuti sei UK yakundikana uye vacharamba vachidaro kudzamara pave nemafungiro matsva ehupfumi ayo akavakirwa papfungwa dzenguva refu. Asi zvinofanirwa kutaurwa munyaya iyi, kana shanduko itsva ikasauya, 'Kutangwa' hakuzokanganiswe sezvo vanhu ava vachitarisirwa kubva mukuzvarwa kwevakuru vakuru nevezvematongerwo enyika kusvika paguva revakuru nevezvematongerwo enyika. Naizvozvo zvinogara zvichirwadza kuti vanhu vanogara vachitambura uye vanopa mari yese kuvatungamiriri vedu nevashandi vakuru vehurumende kuti vaparadze nguva nenguva. Hongu zvinorwadza zvakare nekuti mararamiro e 'Establishments' haakwanisi kutadza kukwira gore negore, asi apo mararamiro evanhu anoderera gore negore, nokuti mune izvi nhamba dzehurumende dzinoratidza kana tichifunga nezvekuoma kwemari, kuti 90% vanhu veku UK vari kuramba vachiva varombo pagore uye vepamusoro gumi muzana yevanhu vari kuwedzera kupfuma pagore.

Mamiriro ezvinhu aya haasi nzira yakanaka yekusimudzira hupfumi hwenyika kuburikidza nekugoverwa kwehupfumi uye zvave kukonzeresa mhirizhonga huru yevagari vehurumende sezvo ruzhinji rusingazomirire kusiyana kwehupfumi uku nekusingaperi. Chokwadi mabhindauko munhoroondo yepasi rose anoratidza kuti kana kusaenzana kwakanyanya muvanhu kuri kuitika munyika, ihombe yehupfu yakamirira kuenda rimwe zuva. Naizvozvo hurumende neWhitehall vanofanirwa kunyatsoziva izvo nhoroondo yakaratidza munguva yakapfuura. Tichifunga nezvezviri pamusoro apa tinongofanira kuita kuti vezvematongerwo enyika vashandure nzira yavanoita nayo hupfumi hwedu uye nekwavainayo kwenguva refu yevanhu veBritain nezvizvarwa zvinotevera, KUITA ENGINEERING CHINHU CHINOKOSHA CHEKUVAKA PATSVA RUDZI RWEDU KUTI ZVINHU ZVAKANAKA. ZVOSE UYE KWETE KUNE VAKABATSIRWA VASHOMA SEZVATINA NHASI.

Chokwadi, kana tikaramba tichifunga zvazvino vanhu vedu uye zvizvarwa zvichauya zvichanyanya kutambura zvakanyanya sezvo hupfumi hweChinese huchienda kuzere mukati memakore makumi maviri nemashanu anotevera. Panyaya iyi ikozvino, hupfumi hwekumabvazuva hwave kutonga pamusoro pe25% yekuchinja kwehupfumi hwenyika uye munzira yazvino ichadzora 50% yehupfumi hwepasi rose pakupera kwezana rino ramakore. Kana izvozvo zvikaitika, nyika dzekuMadokero dzinozongove kana tafunga nezvekukwira kwemitengo, 75% chete yekuchinja kwehupfumi hwenyika kudyisa kubva uye uko zvinorevawo kudzikiswa kwakanyanya kwemararamiro. Naizvozvo tiri muhondo yehupfumi hwenyika uye kunze kwekunge tapenga hapazove nehondo dzepasi rose nekuda kweiyo 'Mutually Assured Destruction' (MAD). Tichifunga nezveizvi chokwadi hondo dzenguva yemberi dzichava hondo dzehupfumi hwenyika uye uko kune keke rimwe chete rehupfumi rekudya kubva. Sezvineiwo, hondo dzehupfumi dzakanyanya kuuraya muhondo dzepasi rose dzehondo sezvo dziri mukusingaperi uye hadziperi.

Munyaya iyi uye zvakazara, hurumende dzekumadokero nemakambani ekumadokero vari kutibvisa nekugara vachiisa mari kuMabvazuva nekuvaka hupfumi hwavo pakupera kwehupfumi hwekumadokero. Chokwadi inguva pfupi-kusvika-yepakati pfuma yenguva pfupi yapfuura makore makumi matatu neshanu neveMadokero iyo yakagonesa mamiriro ehupfumi eChinese uye uko izvi pakupedzisira munguva refu zvichadzoka kuzoruma West kumashure nenzira yakakura chaizvo. Panyaya iyi sezvo hupfumi hwevashoma vari kuita izvi hwawedzera mune zvenyeredzi, vanhu vakarasikirwa nemabasa kuMabvazuva uye hupfumi hwavo hwadzikirawo zvakanyanya. Iye zvino kuti China ine hupfumi husati hwamboitika uye chikwereti chakaderera (chisingasviki 35% yeGDP) kunyange mamwe mabasa uye hupfumi hucharasika kuMadokero kune 11% yevanhu. Ko chibayiro ichi chave chakakosha here kune vazhinji, isu senzvimbo yeumwe tinoti kwete. Naizvozvo hurumende dzekuMadokero neiyo UK's 'Kugadzwa' haingokwanise kuona matanda emiti, asi mubvunzo ndewokuti, ivo vanonyatsoda kuita sezvavasingazode chero chinhu here?

Dr David Hill Chief Executive World Innovation Foundation

Goverana ichi chinyorwa: