ONA: Magadzirirwo akaitwa EGNOS kubhururuka kwatinoita

12 seconds-ndiyo nguva yakareba sei yakatora kugadzira nhoroondo. Musi wa17 Zvita 1903, varidzi vaviri vezvitoro zvemabhasikoro kubva kuOhio, USA, Orville naWilbur Wright, vakapedza kubhururuka kwekutanga kwemhepo inorema kupfuura mhepo. Ndege yacho yakafukidza mamita makumi matatu nematanhatu nekumhanya kwemakiromita ari pasi pe11 paawa uye yakatora masekonzi gumi nemaviri chete. 

Kubhururuka nendege kwakabva kure. Kwemakumi emakore, kufambira mberi muruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kwakachinja nzira yatinobhururuka nayo, zvichiita kuti kufamba nendege kuve kwakachengeteka, kunobudirira, uye kunowanikwa nyore nyore. Imwe budiriro yetekinoroji yakasandura kufamba kwendege iGlobal Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).

GNSS ndiyo kiyi yehuwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa munyika yanhasi, yakabatana. Kubva kumabasa emazuva ese akadai sekushandisa mamepu pamafoni ekufambisa, kuenda kune mamwe masystem akaomarara anosanganisira zvinhu, masevhisi ekukurumidzira, uye manejimendi ezvivakwa, satellite navigation uye nguva inoita basa rakakosha. Nepo GNSS yakadai seGalileo neGPS zvakaringana pakufamba zuva nezuva, vatyairi vendege vanoda mwero wepamusoro wekururama, nemazvo, uye pamusoro pezvose, chivimbo mukuvimbika kwezviratidzo, zvinozivikanwa sekuvimbika, kuti vazviise ivo nevafambi vavo kunzvimbo yavo vakachengeteka. Pinda EGNOS, iyo yeEuropean Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service.

MuObserver yanhasi, tichaongorora kuti EGNOS inoshanda sei uye kuti yakashandura sei nzira yatinobhururuka nayo.

Iyo EGNOS inoshanda sei

EGNOS ndiyo yeEurope yedunhu satellite-based augmentation system. Inovandudza mashandiro eGlobal Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) muEurope nedzimwe nharaunda dzakavakidzana uye inobatsira vashandisi muzvikamu zvakawanda: kubva kumakaputeni ari mungarava, kuvarimi vanoshandisa matarakita avo, kuvatyairi vanomhara ndege dzavo.

Zvichitaurwa zviri nyore, EGNOS isystem inovandudza iko kurongeka, uye zvakanyanya kukosha, kutendeseka kweGPS navigation data. Parizvino, EGNOS inoshanda chete nemasaini eGPS, asi iyo iri kuuya vhezheni (EGNOS v3) ichabatanidzawo Galileo rutsigiro. 

Kazhinji, nzvimbo yemunhu inogona kutariswa pachishandiswa masaini eGPS kubva kumasevhiti mana eanopfuura makumi matatu ari kutenderera Pasi. Nekudaro, vanogamuchira GPS, senge avo vanowanika mumafoni, kazhinji vane huchokwadi hwemamita mashanu munzvimbo dzakavhurika. EGNOS inovandudza chokwadi ichi, ichibvumira vanogamuchira kuti vatarise nzvimbo mukati memita imwe kusvika kumaviri. 

EGNOS inoita izvi zvakavandudzwa nerubatsiro rwezviteshi zvepasi zvinopfuura 40 muEurope yose zvinogamuchira masaini eGPS nekuaendesa kunzvimbo dzekudzora. Nzvimbo idzi dzinoongorora data kuti dzione zvikanganiso muzviratidzo zveGPS, senge zvikanganiso zvewachi setiraiti, ephemeris, uye kunonoka kweionospheric, uye kugadzira kururamisa uye ruzivo rwekuvimbika. Ruzivo urwu rwunobva rwatumirwa kune uplink zviteshi, izvo zvinochiendesa kune geostationary satellite akatakura EGNOS payloads. Aya masetelliti anobva adzosera masiginecha akagadziridzwa kumashure kune EGNOS-inogonesa GPS inogamuchira paPasi, ichibatanidza yakagadziriswa masaini eGPS neakavimbika meseji kuti ape vashandisi kwete chete nzvimbo dzakanyanya asi zvakare yakakosha vimbiso pakuvimbika kwezviratidzo izvozvo. EGNOS inopawo yakanyatsorongeka nguva yereferensi, ichiwedzera kutsigira zvakakosha maapplication.

EGNOS Services muchidimbu

Kuburikidza nehuwandu hwemasevhisi, EGNOS inopa gadziriso yedata kumarudzi mazhinji akasiyana evashandisi: iyo Open Service (OS) yeruzhinji zvikumbiro, iyo EGNOS Data Access Service (EDAS) yehunyanzvi uye yekutengeserana yekuwana, uye iyo EGNOS Kuchengetedzwa kweHupenyu (SoL) Sevhisi yekuchengetedza-yakakosha mashandiro. EDAS neOS zvinotsigira zviitiko zvezuva nezuva sekufamba kwemunhu, kuongorora, kuronda zvinhu, uye kurima chaiko. Zvakare, iyo EGNOS Chengetedzo yeHupenyu Yakabatsira Sevhisi yevashandisi veMaritime (ESMAS) inopa rutsigiro rwakarongedzerwa rwekufamba kwemugungwa, nepo SoL sevhisi ichiramba iri pakati pekubhururuka nendege, ichitsigira nzira dzekumhara dzakaita seLPV-200 yemafambiro endege, uye zvakare inoitirwa kunyorera mune ramangwana mugungwa, njanji, uye kutakura migwagwa. 

Iyo LPV-200 sevhisi, kunyanya, yave inoshandura mutambo wendege nekugonesa kumhara kwakaenzana neCategory I Instrument Landing System (CAT I ILS) maitiro, ayo anobvumira vatyairi kumhara vasingaonekwe zvishoma kusvika paurefu hwesarudzo hwemamita mazana maviri (angangoita 60 metres), asi pasina inodhura yepasi zvivakwa.

EGNOS uye ndege: iyo LPV-200 Service

Sezvo ndege inosvika panhandare yendege uye yotanga kudzika kwayo yakananga pasi, vatyairi vendege vanofanirwa kuziva nzvimbo yavo chaiyo maererano nemugwagwa.

Iyo Instrument Landing System (ILS) itsika-yakavakirwa radio navigation system inotungamira vatyairi panguva yekupedzisira yekusvika pasi, ichipa yakaringana lateral uye yakatwasuka gwara. Inoshanda kuburikidza nemusanganiswa we localiser uye glideslope transmitters ari padhuze neairport. Iyo localiser inoyananisa ndege kune runway centreline, nepo glideslope ichiona kuenderana nenzira kwayo yekudzika. 

ILS maitiro akaiswa mumapoka (Chikamu I, II uye III) zvichibva pakuonekwa kushoma uye sarudzo urefu hunodiwa pakumhara. Mafambiro eChikamu ILS anowanzoda kureba kwemamita mazana maviri (anenge mamita makumi matanhatu) pamusoro penzira, panguva iyo mutyairi wendege anofanira kusarudza kuti omhara here kana kuti oita nzira yaapotswa. Nepo ILS ichishandiswa zvakanyanya uye ichizivikanwa nekurongeka kwayo, inoda zvakakosha zvivakwa zvepasi, zvinosanganisira antennas uye kugara uchigadzirisa. Zvese izvi zvinodhura kuisa, kunyanya panhandare yendege diki kana dziri kure. Apa ndipo panopinda EGNOS.

EGNOS LPV-200, inomirira kuti "Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance" inzira inopa vatyairi vendege hutungamiriri hweparutivi uye hwakamira nenzira yakafanana kune ILS. Nekudaro, pachinzvimbo chekuvimba nemasaini eredhiyo epasi, LPV-200 inoshandisa masaini eEGNOS setiraiti. Nekuda kwekuti EGNOS inonatsiridza huroyi nekuvimbika kweGPS, inoita kuti ndege dzikwanise kutevera nzira chaiyo inofananidzwa neinopihwa neILS. Nehurefu hwesarudzo hwemamita mazana maviri, LPV-200 inogonesa nzira dzakafanana neKatsi I ILS maitiro.

Imwe yemabhenefiti makuru eLPV-200 Service ndeyekuti inovimba tekinoroji yesathelaiti kwete pane airport-yakanangana nezvivakwa. Izvi zvinoita kuti maitirwo eLPV-200 ave nyore kuchinjika uye adhure zvakanyanya kunhandare dzendege dzingave dzisina zviwanikwa zvekuisa nekuchengetedza ILS. Kubva payakapihwa chitupa chekushandiswa munhandare yendege muna 2011, EGNOS yave chishandiso chakakosha chekushandisa kuEuropean aviation. Nhasi, EGNOS inoshandiswa pane zvinopfuura 500 ndege kuvandudza kuchengeteka uye kuwanikwa.

Manouvres mashoma, mutengo wakaderera

Aya maitiro eEGNOS-inogonesa LPV haana kungochengetedzeka chete, asiwo anoenderera mberi. Kuvepo kweLPV panhandare dzese dzendege kunopa sarudzo huru yedzimwe nzvimbo dzekumhara, dzinogona kuderedza nzendo dzekubhururuka, kushandiswa kwemafuta, uye kuburitsa. 

Nekuda kwehurefu hwesarudzo, vatyairi vendege vanogona kunyatsoongorora mamiriro ekumhara, kazhinji vachibvisa kudiwa kwekutenderera kana kutsausa. Kuderedza kutsauswa uye kubviswa kwakadzikama zvakanyanya kuderedza kushandiswa kwemafuta, zvichibatsira zvese yendege uye nharaunda.

EGNOS uye helikopta masevhisi ekukurumidzira

Kunyangwe EGNOS inobatsira zvikuru kundege dzekutengesa, sisitimu iyi inopawo rutsigiro rwakakosha kununura mabasa nemamwe marudzi endege, kunyanya zvikopokopo. Helicopters inoita basa rakakosha mukununura uye Medevac (medical evacuation) mabasa muEurope yose. Maererano neEuropean Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), mazana emaherikoputa akatsaurirwa kumabasa ekurapa kwekukurumidzira anoshanda muEuropean Economic Area (EEA), achisimbisa zvakanyanya kukurumidza kutarisisa uye kuedza kutakura; nepo nhamba dzezvikepe dzichichinja-chinja, EASA's Annual Safety Ongororo inoratidza kukosha kunoramba kuripo kweiyi ndege dzinotenderera-mapapiro muEuropean air rescue services.

Helicopter dzakaita kuponesa kubva pakuuya mubasa rekushanda muma1950, asi mamiriro ekunze asina kunaka kana kuoneka kushoma kunogona kuita kuti kusvika kunzvimbo dziri kure kuve nengozi kana kusakwanisa. EGNOS inoita kuti zvikwanise kugadzira nzira dzinotungamirwa nesatellite dzezvikopokopo munzvimbo dzakaita sezvipatara, mipata yemakomo, kana mapuratifomu ekumahombekombe. Nzira idzi dzinopa hutungamiri hwakarurama kune vatyairi vendege, kubatsira kununura uye zvikwata zvemedevac kusvika kune vanhu vanoshaya zvakachengeteka, kunyange kana mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. 

EGNOS yakasandura mafambisirwo atinoita denga, kuvandudza kuchengetedzeka, kuwanikwa, uye kugona kwendege muEurope yose. Sezvatinotarisa kune ramangwana, EGNOS v3 ichawedzera mashandiro eGPS neGalileo masiginecha kuti ape kunyatsojeka uye kwakavimbika kufamba uye kuwedzera kufukidza kwayo kupfuura Europe, zvichibatsira kunyange vashandisi vakawanda.

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